The ruling on one who eats after the dawn has appeared, thinking the night is still there
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Question:
The Shaykh’s case: he delayed the iqamah by half an hour after the Fajr adhan, thinking that the dawn had not yet appeared, so he did not call the adhan. He then ate and drank, and this was in Ramadan. What is the ruling on his fast for that day?
Answer:
The ruling is that his fast is not valid; he must make it up, because he delayed the dawn and ate after the dawn had appeared. He must fast one day in its place, because a part of the day passed during which he did not fast, and he ate during the day of Ramadan. However, he is not sinful because he did not do it intentionally. But the fact that he is not sinful does not remove the obligation; the obligation is not removed by forgetfulness. Just as if you forget a prayer, is it removed from you? Is the prayer removed from you because of forgetfulness? If you forget the wudu, is the wudu removed from you? If you forget the wudu and pray, is the wudu removed from you? No, forgetfulness does not remove the obligation, but it removes only the sin. So he is not sinful because he did not do it intentionally, but he must make up the day because he did not fast the whole of it. Yes.
The Shaykh’s case: he delayed the iqamah by half an hour after the Fajr adhan, thinking that the dawn had not yet appeared, so he did not call the adhan. He then ate and drank, and this was in Ramadan. What is the ruling on his fast for that day?
Answer:
The ruling is that his fast is not valid; he must make it up, because he delayed the dawn and ate after the dawn had appeared. He must fast one day in its place, because a part of the day passed during which he did not fast, and he ate during the day of Ramadan. However, he is not sinful because he did not do it intentionally. But the fact that he is not sinful does not remove the obligation; the obligation is not removed by forgetfulness. Just as if you forget a prayer, is it removed from you? Is the prayer removed from you because of forgetfulness? If you forget the wudu, is the wudu removed from you? If you forget the wudu and pray, is the wudu removed from you? No, forgetfulness does not remove the obligation, but it removes only the sin. So he is not sinful because he did not do it intentionally, but he must make up the day because he did not fast the whole of it. Yes.
Source
شرح بلوغ المرام من أدلة الأحكام [ صالح الفوزان ]، باب العدة والإحداد — islamhouse.com (50:41)
The Arabic text is a machine transcription of the audio recording.