Is one who associates partners with Allah in His lordship declared a disbeliever, or is the argument established against him, as is the case with one who associates partners with Allah in His worship?

Question:
If a person has shirk (associating partners with Allah) in lordship, is he declared a disbeliever, or is the argument established against him, just as it is for those who commit shirk in worship?

Answer:
Shirk in all its forms: if the one who falls into it lives in a land of jahiliyyah (the pre-Islamic age of ignorance) that is cut off, where nothing of the religion has reached him, then he must be informed and it must be made clear to him beforehand. But if he lives among Muslims, hears the Qur'an, hears the hadiths, and hears the discourse, yet persists in this shirk, then he has no excuse, he is not excused, and he is not ignorant; because the argument has reached him, the argument has been established against him. Is he not to be excused for persisting in shirk, may Allah protect us from it?