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﴿ فَاسْأَلُوا أَهْلَ الذِّكْرِ إِن كُنتُمْ لَا تَعْلَمُونَ ﴾

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The ruling on reconciling the hadith of 'Aishah with the practice of the Companions in night prayer

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Question:
Many of the brothers ask about reconciling the hadith of 'Aishah, "What the Messenger of Allah used to do..."
(peace and blessings be upon him) would increase beyond eleven rak'ahsصلى الله عليه وسلم يزيد على إحدى عشرة ركعة
, with the practice of the Companions in praying twenty rak'ahs?

Answer:
We have answered this and said that the prayer of the Messenger (peace and blessings be upon him) was eleven rak'ahs or thirteen rak'ahs. This is because he would lengthen his standing (peace and blessings be upon him), and lengthen his bowing and prostration. Do you not know that he recited al-Baqarah, al-Nisa, and Aal 'Imran in two rak'ahs?
Five parts and more in two rak'ahs, as in the hadith of Hudhayfah. And his bowing was such that he would not pass a verse mentioning mercy without stopping and asking for it, nor pass a verse mentioning punishment without stopping and seeking refuge. And he would recite in a measured manner (peace and blessings be upon him) in his recitation, as Allah said to him, "And recite the Qur'an with measured recitation." And his bowing was approximately the length of his standing, and his prostration was approximately the length of his bowing. Imagine the prayer of the Messenger (peace and blessings be upon him). When the Companions saw that the Muslims could not pray the prayer of the Messenger (peace and blessings be upon him) with this length,
they lightened the prayer and increased the number of rak'ahs, praying twenty-three rak'ahs. This was in the presence of the Rightly Guided Caliphs 'Umar, 'Uthman, and 'Ali, and in the presence of the Muhajireen, the Ansar, and the Companions (may Allah be pleased with them). So they lightened it for the people and increased the number to twenty-three rak'ahs. This is because the Messenger (peace and blessings be upon him) did not specify a limit for us; he encouraged us to stand in night prayer but did not set a limit. He said (peace and blessings be upon him)
Whoever establishes prayers during the nights of Ramadan faithfully out of sincere faith and hoping to attain Allah's rewards (not for showing off), all his past sins will be forgiven.من قام رمضان ايمانا واحتسابا غفر له ما تقدم من ذنبه
Sahih al-Bukhari 37
and did not set a limit. And he said (peace and blessings be upon him)
whoever stands (praying) with the Imam until he finishedمن قام مع الامام حتى ينصرف
Jami` at-Tirmidhi 806Sahih (Darussalam)
it is recorded for him that he prayed the whole nightكتب له قيام ليلة
Jami` at-Tirmidhi 806Sahih (Darussalam)
and did not set a limit (peace and blessings be upon him) so that we do not exceed what the Messenger (peace and blessings be upon him) specified. The Companions were more knowledgeable than us and more aware of the Sunnah of the Messenger (peace and blessings be upon him). So they understood that the Messenger did not set a specific limit for them, so they increased the number. Otherwise, if the Messenger had specified a limit and said, "Do not exceed this," they would not have gone beyond it. So they did not increase the number except because they understood that the Messenger (peace and blessings be upon him) did not prohibit them from doing so and did not set a limit for them (peace and blessings be upon him). He encouraged standing in night prayer and urged it, but did not set a limit (peace and blessings be upon him). So the Muslim stands in night prayer for as long as is easy for him and as is facilitated for him, and does not limit it to a specific number. The limitation is only in the obligatory prayers: Zuhr is four rak'ahs, 'Asr is four rak'ahs, Maghrib is three rak'ahs, 'Isha is four rak'ahs, and Fajr is two rak'ahs. This is the specified amount. As for the voluntary prayers, they have no limit except what came in the rawatib (regular voluntary prayers) attached to the obligatory ones: two rak'ahs before Zuhr, or four rak'ahs before Zuhr and two after it, or four before Maghrib and two after 'Isha, and two before Fajr.
The Messenger (peace and blessings be upon him) specified these. Voluntary prayers specified by the Messenger (peace and blessings be upon him). As for the rest of the voluntary prayers, the Messenger did not specify them for us. So why do we bind ourselves with something the Messenger (peace and blessings be upon him) did not specify? The conditions of people are considered. He said (peace and blessings be upon him)
Let the one among you who leads the people lighten the prayerايكم اما الناس فليخفف
For among them is the old, the weak, and the one in need. So if he prays for himself, let him lengthen as he wishesفان فيهم الكبير الضعيف وذا الحاجه فاذا صلى لنفسه فليطول ما شاء
If a person prays alone, he lengthens as he wishes. But if he prays with people, he considers the conditions of the people and does not burden them. Yes.
Source قناة «العلامة الدكتور صالح الفوزان»، ما هو عدد ركعات صلاة القيام؟ — youtube.com

The Arabic text is a machine transcription of the audio recording.

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