Commentary on Tafsir al-Jalalayn: ((And those who avoid major sins and lewdness)) The causes of hudud (fixed punishments) are an example of attaching a part to the whole ((And when they are angry, they forgive)) They overlook.

He said: "And they are the causes of hudud (fixed punishments), an example of attaching a part to the whole". The author (may Allah have mercy on him) explained: as that which necessitates a hadd (fixed punishment). So let us count them. Is zina (unlawful sexual intercourse) a lewd act? Yes, and by the explicit text of the Qur'an: . Is marrying prohibited relatives a lewd act? Yes, by the saying of Allah, Blessed and Exalted is He: [Al-Nisa: 22]. Reflect now: which is greater, marrying prohibited relatives or zina? The former, because Allah said of it: . And regarding zina, He said: . For this reason, the stronger opinion is that if a person commits zina with a prohibited relative, he must be stoned to death, whether he is married or unmarried. Now, is theft a lewd act or not? It is a lewd act. The author said: Everything that carries a hadd is a lewd act. Highway robbery is a lewd act because it carries a hadd. Is intoxicants a lewd act? Is there a hadd for it? The correct view is that the punishment for intoxicants is not a hadd, but a discretionary punishment, though it does not fall below forty lashes. The evidence that it is a discretionary punishment is that in the time of the Messenger of Allah (peace and blessings be upon him), the drinker of intoxicants would be brought and the people would beat him—some with their hands, some with their garments, and some with their sandals—without a specific limit. Then Abu Bakr set it at forty, and then 'Umar set it at forty. Then the drinking of intoxicants increased, so 'Umar increased it to eighty after consulting the Companions. 'Abd al-Rahman ibn 'Awf (may Allah be pleased with him) said: I see that you should make it like the lightest of the hudud. What is the lightest of the hudud? The hadd for false accusation of zina, which is eighty. So 'Umar made it eighty. This is like a consensus of the Companions (may Allah be pleased with them) that the punishment for the drinker of intoxicants is not a hadd, because if it were a hadd, could anyone increase it? No, it could not. For this reason, if zina becomes widespread among people, we cannot increase beyond one hundred lashes. Now, 'Abd al-Rahman ibn 'Awf also said: Make it like the lightest of the hudud. This indicates that it is not a hadd, otherwise it would not have been correct to say: "like the lightest of the hudud." Also, if the lashing is repeated, he is killed on the fourth time according to the opinion of many scholars, as that came in the Sunan: . This hadith is authentic. The people of the Zahiri school adopted this view. Most scholars say: He is not killed even if he drinks a thousand times and is lashed a thousand times. The Shaykh al-Islam chose a middle position and said: If people do not stop without killing, then he is killed so that the drinking of intoxicants does not become widespread. But if people stop without killing, then he is not killed. The important point is that the author (may Allah have mercy on him) holds that lewd acts are the causes of hudud. He said: "And this is an example of attaching a part to the whole", because lewd acts are a part of major sins. This occurs frequently, attaching a part to the whole, as it sometimes occurs to attach the whole to a part. So the saying of Allah, the Exalted: is from the category of attaching a part to the whole. And if I say: "Honor Zayd and the students," and he is among them, it is from the category of attaching the whole to a part. Specifying some individuals by being the attached or the attached-to indicates care for and attention to them.
The "ma" here is superfluous in grammar, but in meaning it is for emphasis. And I say:
O student, take the benefit: the "ma" after "idha" is superfluous.
Do you accept it or not? I mean, whenever you encounter "ma" after "idha," it is superfluous. Like this verse: The meaning is "and when they are angry." And like His saying, the Exalted: meaning "until when they came to them." So take this benefit. And "ma" is among the broadest letters in meaning, because it has ten meanings or more, collected in the saying of the poet:
"The meanings of 'ma' are ten; if you wish to count them, preserve a sound verse of poetry:
You will understand: the condition for 'ma' of connection, wonder at 'ma' of negation, 'Zayd' for 'ma' of addition, and 'ta'zim' for 'ma' of magnification, and 'mصدر' for 'ma' of verbal noun"
Now, quickly: "You will understand" refers to the interrogative "ma." "Condition" refers to the conditional "ma." "Connection" refers to the relative "ma." "Wonder" refers to the exclamatory "ma," like saying: "How good Zayd is." "Negation" refers to the indefinite described or describing "ma." "Kaf" refers to the "ma" that is the particle entering "in," like: . "Negation" refers to the negative "ma." "Zayd" refers to the superfluous "ma." "Magnification" refers to the magnifying "ma," like: . "Verbal noun" refers to the verbal noun "ma," like: "I am pleased with what you did," meaning: "I am pleased with your doing." These are ten meanings of "ma."
And the meaning of "they forgive," the exegete said: "They overlook". And we add something else: covering up. Meaning: They overlook those who wronged them and cover for them.