Continuation of the explanation of Ibn Malik’s (may Allah have mercy on him) saying: “Follow what is connected, and make accusative what is disconnected *** And from Tamim, substitution has occurred therein.”
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The Shaykh : Now, the second case. What was the first case? That the sentence be complete and affirmative, or, if we wish, we can say not preceded by negation or its like. So here?
The student: The accusative case is obligatory.
The Shaykh : The accusative case is obligatory in every situation where the sentence is complete and preceded by negation or its like. Here there is a detail: if the exception is disconnected, the accusative case is obligatory; if it is connected, substitution is preferred and the accusative case is permissible. Substitution is preferred and the accusative case is permissible. We took examples of the connected type: “The men did not stand up except Zayd” or?
The student: Zayd.
The Shaykh : Or “except Zayd” (accusative). “I did not pass by anyone except Zayd” (genitive) or “except Zayd” (accusative). “I did not see anyone except Zayd” (accusative) or?
The student: Zayd.
The Shaykh : Or “except Zayd” (accusative). But the discussion is regarding the assumed grammatical case, the assumed grammatical case. The point now is that this issue is the second case: when the excepted item is disconnected. What does disconnected mean? That which is not of the same kind as the item from which the exception is made. An example of this on the tongues of grammarians is: “The men stood up except a donkey.”
The student: ...
The Shaykh : “The men stood up except a donkey.” What do you think? Is the donkey one of the men?
The student: No.
The Shaykh : It is not of their kind. Good. He says here you must say “The men did not stand up except”?
The student: A donkey (accusative).
The Shaykh : A donkey (accusative). The accusative case is obligatory. The accusative case is obligatory, because in a disconnected exception, “except” is assumed to mean “but.” Because if you say “The men did not stand up except a donkey,” the speech is awkward. But the meaning is: “The men did not stand up, but a donkey stood up.” A donkey stood up. So they say: in a disconnected exception, “except” means “but.” But what does “but” do? It makes the subject accusative and the predicate nominative. For this reason, they said the assumed sentence is: “Except a donkey (accusative) did not stand up.” “Except a donkey (accusative) did not stand up.” So they said there is an assumption in it, as if you said: “If a donkey (accusative) did not stand up.” Therefore, the accusative case is necessitated. The accusative case is necessitated. But... the accusative case “And from Tamim, substitution has occurred therein”. The Tamim people say: it is permissible to make the disconnected item accusative as an exception, and to make it follow as a substitute. That is, they do not distinguish between the connected and what?
The student: The disconnected.
The Shaykh : And the disconnected. Except in terms of preference. They prefer substitution in the connected, and they prefer the accusative case in the disconnected. The difference between them and the Hijaz people is that the Hijaz people make the accusative case obligatory in the disconnected, and these people make it obligatory or do they prefer it?
The student: They prefer it.
The Shaykh : They prefer it. The evidence is that they prefer it, as he said: “And from Tamim, substitution has occurred therein”, “And from Tamim, substitution has occurred therein”. So the stronger opinion with them is the accusative case as an exception. The accusative case as an exception. Is it clear now, if Allah wills?
The student: It is clear.
The Shaykh : Good. We return to the rules. The first rule: The accusative case is obligatory for what comes after “except” if the sentence before it is complete and not preceded by negation or its like. Is that right? The accusative case is obligatory for what comes after “except” if what comes before it is? Hmm?
The student: Complete and affirmative.
The Shaykh : Complete and not preceded by negation or its like. Second: It is preferred that what comes after “except” follow what comes before it in grammatical case if the sentence is complete and preceded by negation or its like. It is preferred, is that right? And the accusative case is permissible?
The student: Yes, it is permissible.
The Shaykh : And the accusative case is permissible. Good. Third: We said if it is connected. The third rule: The accusative case is necessitated if the sentence is complete and preceded by negation or its like, and the excepted item is not of the same kind as the item from which the exception is made. The accusative case is necessitated with the Hijaz people, and it is preferred with the Banu Tamim. These are three rules.
The student: The accusative case is obligatory.
The Shaykh : The accusative case is obligatory in every situation where the sentence is complete and preceded by negation or its like. Here there is a detail: if the exception is disconnected, the accusative case is obligatory; if it is connected, substitution is preferred and the accusative case is permissible. Substitution is preferred and the accusative case is permissible. We took examples of the connected type: “The men did not stand up except Zayd” or?
The student: Zayd.
The Shaykh : Or “except Zayd” (accusative). “I did not pass by anyone except Zayd” (genitive) or “except Zayd” (accusative). “I did not see anyone except Zayd” (accusative) or?
The student: Zayd.
The Shaykh : Or “except Zayd” (accusative). But the discussion is regarding the assumed grammatical case, the assumed grammatical case. The point now is that this issue is the second case: when the excepted item is disconnected. What does disconnected mean? That which is not of the same kind as the item from which the exception is made. An example of this on the tongues of grammarians is: “The men stood up except a donkey.”
The student: ...
The Shaykh : “The men stood up except a donkey.” What do you think? Is the donkey one of the men?
The student: No.
The Shaykh : It is not of their kind. Good. He says here you must say “The men did not stand up except”?
The student: A donkey (accusative).
The Shaykh : A donkey (accusative). The accusative case is obligatory. The accusative case is obligatory, because in a disconnected exception, “except” is assumed to mean “but.” Because if you say “The men did not stand up except a donkey,” the speech is awkward. But the meaning is: “The men did not stand up, but a donkey stood up.” A donkey stood up. So they say: in a disconnected exception, “except” means “but.” But what does “but” do? It makes the subject accusative and the predicate nominative. For this reason, they said the assumed sentence is: “Except a donkey (accusative) did not stand up.” “Except a donkey (accusative) did not stand up.” So they said there is an assumption in it, as if you said: “If a donkey (accusative) did not stand up.” Therefore, the accusative case is necessitated. The accusative case is necessitated. But... the accusative case “And from Tamim, substitution has occurred therein”. The Tamim people say: it is permissible to make the disconnected item accusative as an exception, and to make it follow as a substitute. That is, they do not distinguish between the connected and what?
The student: The disconnected.
The Shaykh : And the disconnected. Except in terms of preference. They prefer substitution in the connected, and they prefer the accusative case in the disconnected. The difference between them and the Hijaz people is that the Hijaz people make the accusative case obligatory in the disconnected, and these people make it obligatory or do they prefer it?
The student: They prefer it.
The Shaykh : They prefer it. The evidence is that they prefer it, as he said: “And from Tamim, substitution has occurred therein”, “And from Tamim, substitution has occurred therein”. So the stronger opinion with them is the accusative case as an exception. The accusative case as an exception. Is it clear now, if Allah wills?
The student: It is clear.
The Shaykh : Good. We return to the rules. The first rule: The accusative case is obligatory for what comes after “except” if the sentence before it is complete and not preceded by negation or its like. Is that right? The accusative case is obligatory for what comes after “except” if what comes before it is? Hmm?
The student: Complete and affirmative.
The Shaykh : Complete and not preceded by negation or its like. Second: It is preferred that what comes after “except” follow what comes before it in grammatical case if the sentence is complete and preceded by negation or its like. It is preferred, is that right? And the accusative case is permissible?
The student: Yes, it is permissible.
The Shaykh : And the accusative case is permissible. Good. Third: We said if it is connected. The third rule: The accusative case is necessitated if the sentence is complete and preceded by negation or its like, and the excepted item is not of the same kind as the item from which the exception is made. The accusative case is necessitated with the Hijaz people, and it is preferred with the Banu Tamim. These are three rules.