Explanation of the author's (may Allah have mercy on him) statement: " . . .
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The Shaykh : He said: “The exception introduced by *illa* is in the accusative case if the sentence is complete and affirmative, and if it is negative, then both the case of substitution and the accusative case for exception are permissible in it, and if it is incomplete, it follows the rules of the governing factors”. These are three states. The exception introduced by *illa* has three states: that it comes after a complete affirmative sentence. Pay attention, does it come after a sentence?
The student: Complete and affirmative.
The Shaykh : After a complete affirmative sentence. Complete means that the sentence has taken its pillars. This is what complete means; it means the pillars of the sentence are completed by it. Affirmative means that it is not accompanied by a negation or something similar to a negation. Complete means the sentence has fulfilled its pillars in it. Affirmative means it is not accompanied by a negation or something similar to a negation. Do you understand, everyone?
The student: Yes.
The Shaykh : Okay, so the exception introduced by *illa* has three states. The first is that the sentence is complete and affirmative. And what does complete mean?
The student: The sentence has fulfilled its pillars by it.
The Shaykh : The sentence has fulfilled its pillars by it. Affirmative?
The student: It is not accompanied by a negation or something similar to it.
The Shaykh : It is not accompanied by a negation or something similar to it. In this state, the author (may Allah have mercy on him) says: the accusative case is obligatory. It is in the accusative case if the sentence is complete and affirmative; the accusative case is obligatory. What is the example? The people stood up except Zayd. The people stood up except Zayd. Let us see if the statement before Zayd is complete or incomplete?
The student: Complete.
The Shaykh : Huh?
The student: Complete.
The Shaykh : Complete, because if you said “The people stood up,” the statement is complete, and it is good to pause there. The people stood up. Is the statement complete and affirmative, or not affirmative?
The student: Affirmative.
The Shaykh : Meaning there is no negation, and no similar negation. Is that clear?
The student: Yes.
The Shaykh : Okay, we say: except Zayd, the accusative case is determined. The accusative case is determined. So if we hear someone saying: The people stood up except Zayd?
The student: An error.
The Shaykh : Incorrect?
The student: An error.
The Shaykh : He said: Oh Shaykh, look, it is written in the book: The people stood up except Zayd. What do we say?
The student: An error.
The Shaykh : And the error is a typographical error. The error is a typographical error. He said: How? Are you blaming the printing press? I said: Yes, I blame the printing press, not the Arabic language. The Arabic language requires that if the sentence is complete and affirmative, what?
The student: It must be in the accusative case.
The Shaykh : That the exception must be in the accusative case, and it is necessary. Okay, the people stood up except Zayd, and the people went out except 'Amr. The people went out except 'Amr. Let us see if the sentence before *illa* is complete? Hmm?
The student: Complete.
The Shaykh : The people went out is complete. The sentence has fulfilled its pillars: a verb and a subject. Is it affirmative? Meaning is it affirmed or negated?
The student: Affirmative.
The Shaykh : Affirmed means affirmative. Let us take it as affirmative for the sake of the author’s statement, and affirmative means affirmed. Okay, affirmative. So 'Amr must be in the accusative case. Is that right, Adam? So if Adam said: The people went out except 'Amr!
The student: Incorrect.
The Shaykh : We would say: Oh Adam, you have made a mistake. Yes. Then he said: This is how I pronounced it. We would say: And by this you have made a mistake. What is the correct form?
The student: Except 'Amr.
The Shaykh : And what is the correct form?
The student: Except 'Amr.
The Shaykh : Yes, exactly. The people went out. The people went out except 'Amr. The author says: the people. The people went out except 'Amr. Is that right?
The student: Yes.
The Shaykh : Okay. I was silent for a week except Friday, or except Friday?
The student: Friday (accusative).
The Shaykh : Friday (accusative). The accusative case is determined because what comes before it is complete and affirmative. Complete and affirmative. So if what comes before it is complete and affirmative, the accusative case is obligatory. I think this is easy. Whenever the exception or what comes before it is a complete affirmative statement, it is in the accusative case. Okay. I ate the loaf except a third of it?
The student: An error.
The Shaykh : Incorrect?
The student: An error.
The Shaykh : Why?
The student: The statement before it is complete and affirmative.
The Shaykh : What comes before it is complete and affirmative, so the correct form is: except a third of it. I ate the loaf except a third of it. If you said: except a third of it (nominative), that is an error. Okay, the second state.
The student: The grammatical analysis of the example.
The Shaykh : How?
The student: The grammatical analysis of the example?
The Shaykh : Okay, the grammatical analysis of the example: The people stood up except Zayd. *Qama* (stood up): past tense verb. *Al-qawmu* (the people): subject in the nominative case, and the sign of its nominative case is the visible dammah at its end. *Illa* (except): the tool of exception. *Zaydan* (Zayd): a noun in the accusative case for exception, and the sign of its accusative case is the visible fathah at its end. *Kharaja al-nasu* (the people went out): *Kharaja* (went out): past tense verb built on fathah. *Al-nasu* (the people): subject in the nominative case, and the sign of its nominative case is the visible dammah at its end. And *illa* (except): the tool of exception. And *'Amran* ('Amr): an exception in the accusative case for exception, and the sign of its accusative case is the visible fathah at its end. Okay, the second state: if the statement is negative. Negative means complete. If the statement is negative but it is complete, what does complete mean?
The student: The sentence has fulfilled its pillars.
The Shaykh : The sentence has fulfilled its pillars. Negative means that a negation particle has entered it. So here the author says: “Both the case of substitution and the accusative case for exception are permissible in it”. Permissible in it means: in what comes after *illa*, which is the exception. Both options are permissible in it. Substitution means it becomes a substitute for what comes before *illa*. If what comes before *illa* is in the nominative case, this becomes in the nominative case. If it is in the accusative case, it becomes in the accusative case. If it is in the genitive case, it becomes in the genitive case. This is substitution. The second option is: the accusative case for exception. So both options are permissible in it. What are they?
The student: The accusative case for exception, and substitution.
The Shaykh : The accusative case for exception and substitution. As for the accusative case for exception, it is clear that it is always in the accusative case. Substitution: it follows what comes before *illa*. If what comes before *illa* is in the nominative case, it is in the nominative case. If it is in the accusative case, it is in the accusative case. If it is in the genitive case, it is in the genitive case. We say: this is a substitute. For example: The people did not stand up. The people did not stand up. Is this sentence complete? Is it complete or not?
The student: Complete.
The Shaykh : *Qama* (stood up) and *al-qawm* (the people) as the subject. It is complete. Is it affirmed or negated?
The student: Negative.
The Shaykh : Negated. Okay, except Zayd. For Zayd, both options are permissible. The first option: except Zayd (nominative), so it becomes a substitute for *al-qawm*. The people did not stand up except Zayd. It becomes a substitute for *al-qawm*. And except Zayd (accusative), as the author said, is in the accusative case for?
The student: Exception.
The Shaykh : Exception. It is in the accusative case for exception. So we say in the grammatical analysis: The people did not stand up. *Ma* (not): a negation particle. *Qama* (stood up): past tense verb built on fathah. And *al-qawmu* (the people): subject in the nominative case, built on dammah in the position of nominative.
The student: No.
The Shaykh : Incorrect?
The student: Nominative with the visible dammah.
The Shaykh : Yes, exactly. Correct me if I make a mistake. *Al-qawm* (the people): so it is a subject in the nominative case, and the sign of its nominative case is the visible dammah at its end. *Illa* (except): the tool of exception. *Zayd*: a substitute for *al-qawm*. And a substitute for a nominative noun is in the nominative case, and the sign of its nominative case is the visible dammah at its end.
The student: Complete and affirmative.
The Shaykh : After a complete affirmative sentence. Complete means that the sentence has taken its pillars. This is what complete means; it means the pillars of the sentence are completed by it. Affirmative means that it is not accompanied by a negation or something similar to a negation. Complete means the sentence has fulfilled its pillars in it. Affirmative means it is not accompanied by a negation or something similar to a negation. Do you understand, everyone?
The student: Yes.
The Shaykh : Okay, so the exception introduced by *illa* has three states. The first is that the sentence is complete and affirmative. And what does complete mean?
The student: The sentence has fulfilled its pillars by it.
The Shaykh : The sentence has fulfilled its pillars by it. Affirmative?
The student: It is not accompanied by a negation or something similar to it.
The Shaykh : It is not accompanied by a negation or something similar to it. In this state, the author (may Allah have mercy on him) says: the accusative case is obligatory. It is in the accusative case if the sentence is complete and affirmative; the accusative case is obligatory. What is the example? The people stood up except Zayd. The people stood up except Zayd. Let us see if the statement before Zayd is complete or incomplete?
The student: Complete.
The Shaykh : Huh?
The student: Complete.
The Shaykh : Complete, because if you said “The people stood up,” the statement is complete, and it is good to pause there. The people stood up. Is the statement complete and affirmative, or not affirmative?
The student: Affirmative.
The Shaykh : Meaning there is no negation, and no similar negation. Is that clear?
The student: Yes.
The Shaykh : Okay, we say: except Zayd, the accusative case is determined. The accusative case is determined. So if we hear someone saying: The people stood up except Zayd?
The student: An error.
The Shaykh : Incorrect?
The student: An error.
The Shaykh : He said: Oh Shaykh, look, it is written in the book: The people stood up except Zayd. What do we say?
The student: An error.
The Shaykh : And the error is a typographical error. The error is a typographical error. He said: How? Are you blaming the printing press? I said: Yes, I blame the printing press, not the Arabic language. The Arabic language requires that if the sentence is complete and affirmative, what?
The student: It must be in the accusative case.
The Shaykh : That the exception must be in the accusative case, and it is necessary. Okay, the people stood up except Zayd, and the people went out except 'Amr. The people went out except 'Amr. Let us see if the sentence before *illa* is complete? Hmm?
The student: Complete.
The Shaykh : The people went out is complete. The sentence has fulfilled its pillars: a verb and a subject. Is it affirmative? Meaning is it affirmed or negated?
The student: Affirmative.
The Shaykh : Affirmed means affirmative. Let us take it as affirmative for the sake of the author’s statement, and affirmative means affirmed. Okay, affirmative. So 'Amr must be in the accusative case. Is that right, Adam? So if Adam said: The people went out except 'Amr!
The student: Incorrect.
The Shaykh : We would say: Oh Adam, you have made a mistake. Yes. Then he said: This is how I pronounced it. We would say: And by this you have made a mistake. What is the correct form?
The student: Except 'Amr.
The Shaykh : And what is the correct form?
The student: Except 'Amr.
The Shaykh : Yes, exactly. The people went out. The people went out except 'Amr. The author says: the people. The people went out except 'Amr. Is that right?
The student: Yes.
The Shaykh : Okay. I was silent for a week except Friday, or except Friday?
The student: Friday (accusative).
The Shaykh : Friday (accusative). The accusative case is determined because what comes before it is complete and affirmative. Complete and affirmative. So if what comes before it is complete and affirmative, the accusative case is obligatory. I think this is easy. Whenever the exception or what comes before it is a complete affirmative statement, it is in the accusative case. Okay. I ate the loaf except a third of it?
The student: An error.
The Shaykh : Incorrect?
The student: An error.
The Shaykh : Why?
The student: The statement before it is complete and affirmative.
The Shaykh : What comes before it is complete and affirmative, so the correct form is: except a third of it. I ate the loaf except a third of it. If you said: except a third of it (nominative), that is an error. Okay, the second state.
The student: The grammatical analysis of the example.
The Shaykh : How?
The student: The grammatical analysis of the example?
The Shaykh : Okay, the grammatical analysis of the example: The people stood up except Zayd. *Qama* (stood up): past tense verb. *Al-qawmu* (the people): subject in the nominative case, and the sign of its nominative case is the visible dammah at its end. *Illa* (except): the tool of exception. *Zaydan* (Zayd): a noun in the accusative case for exception, and the sign of its accusative case is the visible fathah at its end. *Kharaja al-nasu* (the people went out): *Kharaja* (went out): past tense verb built on fathah. *Al-nasu* (the people): subject in the nominative case, and the sign of its nominative case is the visible dammah at its end. And *illa* (except): the tool of exception. And *'Amran* ('Amr): an exception in the accusative case for exception, and the sign of its accusative case is the visible fathah at its end. Okay, the second state: if the statement is negative. Negative means complete. If the statement is negative but it is complete, what does complete mean?
The student: The sentence has fulfilled its pillars.
The Shaykh : The sentence has fulfilled its pillars. Negative means that a negation particle has entered it. So here the author says: “Both the case of substitution and the accusative case for exception are permissible in it”. Permissible in it means: in what comes after *illa*, which is the exception. Both options are permissible in it. Substitution means it becomes a substitute for what comes before *illa*. If what comes before *illa* is in the nominative case, this becomes in the nominative case. If it is in the accusative case, it becomes in the accusative case. If it is in the genitive case, it becomes in the genitive case. This is substitution. The second option is: the accusative case for exception. So both options are permissible in it. What are they?
The student: The accusative case for exception, and substitution.
The Shaykh : The accusative case for exception and substitution. As for the accusative case for exception, it is clear that it is always in the accusative case. Substitution: it follows what comes before *illa*. If what comes before *illa* is in the nominative case, it is in the nominative case. If it is in the accusative case, it is in the accusative case. If it is in the genitive case, it is in the genitive case. We say: this is a substitute. For example: The people did not stand up. The people did not stand up. Is this sentence complete? Is it complete or not?
The student: Complete.
The Shaykh : *Qama* (stood up) and *al-qawm* (the people) as the subject. It is complete. Is it affirmed or negated?
The student: Negative.
The Shaykh : Negated. Okay, except Zayd. For Zayd, both options are permissible. The first option: except Zayd (nominative), so it becomes a substitute for *al-qawm*. The people did not stand up except Zayd. It becomes a substitute for *al-qawm*. And except Zayd (accusative), as the author said, is in the accusative case for?
The student: Exception.
The Shaykh : Exception. It is in the accusative case for exception. So we say in the grammatical analysis: The people did not stand up. *Ma* (not): a negation particle. *Qama* (stood up): past tense verb built on fathah. And *al-qawmu* (the people): subject in the nominative case, built on dammah in the position of nominative.
The student: No.
The Shaykh : Incorrect?
The student: Nominative with the visible dammah.
The Shaykh : Yes, exactly. Correct me if I make a mistake. *Al-qawm* (the people): so it is a subject in the nominative case, and the sign of its nominative case is the visible dammah at its end. *Illa* (except): the tool of exception. *Zayd*: a substitute for *al-qawm*. And a substitute for a nominative noun is in the nominative case, and the sign of its nominative case is the visible dammah at its end.