Explanation of the words of Ibn Malik (may Allah have mercy on him): "And annul *illa* that is for emphasis, like *kalla* *** pass through them, except the young man, except the high."
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The Shaykh : In the name of Allah, the Most Gracious, the Most Merciful.
He (may Allah have mercy on him) said: "And annul *illa* that is for emphasis". To annul *illa* means to invalidate its function. To annul *illa* means to invalidate its function. To annul *illa* "that is for emphasis" means: in the state of being for emphasis. What is "for emphasis"? It means possessing emphasis, meaning: when it comes as an emphatic particle. Naturally, it does not come as an emphatic particle unless an *illa* preceded it. It does not come as an emphatic particle unless an *illa* preceded it...?
The student: ...
The Shaykh : Because emphasis requires a preceding emphasized item. Therefore, if *illa* is repeated, and if the second one is an emphasis of the first, then the second one, being a repetition, is considered annulled; it has no function whatsoever. "And annul *illa* that is for emphasis" means: in the state of being?
The student: Possessing emphasis.
The Shaykh : Possessing emphasis, emphasizing a preceding *illa*, emphasizing a preceding *illa* which is annulled. The example is: "Do not pass through them except the young man, except the high." "Do not pass through them except the young man, except the high." "The high" is the young man, and "the high" means: honor and elevation. It is an attribute of a verbal noun, meaning: an attribute by which it is described, and it is a verbal noun. Just as you say: "Zayd is your slave," describing him with the verbal noun. So "the high" is a verbal noun by which Zayd is described. Now, "do not pass through them" — put down your pens, everyone! — "except the young man." "Do not pass through them except the young man." Is this example from the *mufarragh* (empty) type, or from the *tamm al-mujib* (complete affirmative) type, or from the *tamm al-masbuq bi nafy* (complete preceded by negation) or its like?
The student: The latter.
The Shaykh : It is from the complete type preceded by negation or its like. And on this basis, "except the young man" — the young man is in the position of genitive, as a substitute for the pronoun in?
The student: In "them."
The Shaykh : In "them." And is it permissible for it to be in the position of accusative, or is *illa* not?
The student: Yes.
The Shaykh : It is permissible, but it is the weaker position, because he says:
"And after negation or like negation, choose *** following what is connected"
"Following what is connected". So there is no *la* of prohibition. And "pass through" (*tamarrar*): a present tense verb, in the *majzum* (jussive) case due to *la* of prohibition. Its subject is hidden obligatorily, estimated as?
The student: I am.
The Shaykh : I? No, you. "You do not pass through." "Through them" is a preposition and its object, connected to "pass through." *Illa* is a particle of exception, right?
The student: Yes.
The Shaykh : "The young man" is a substitute for the *ha* in "them," and a substitute for the genitive?
The student: Genitive.
The Shaykh : Genitive, and the sign of its genitive case is the *kasrah* (vowel) estimated on the *alif*, prevented from appearing by impossibility. "Except the high." *Illa* is a particle of exception, annulled, having no function. "The high" is an explanatory apposition or a substitute for what?
The student: For the young man.
The Shaykh : For the young man. An explanatory apposition or a substitute for the young man, because "the high" is the young man. "The high" is the young man. Did you understand, everyone? Now, and just as it is annulled in a substitute and explanatory apposition, it is annulled in conjunction, as you say: "Do not honor except Zayd, and except 'Umar." So "except Zayd" is the object, and the *waw* is a particle of conjunction, and *illa* is annulled. And "'Umar" is conjoined to Zayd, and *illa* is annulled. So the meaning of the author's statement: "And annul *illa* that is for emphasis" is that if *illa* is repeated with the intention of emphasis, then it is?
The student: Annulled.
The Shaykh : Annulled, whether it is in an explanatory apposition or a substitute, or it is in a conjunction of coordination. Conjunction of coordination means: conjunction by *waw* or *thumma* or what is like that. The example: "So do not pass through them except the young man, except the high." This is an example of explanatory apposition or substitute. An example of conjunction of coordination: "Do not pass through anyone except Zayd, and except 'Amr." "Except Zayd, and except 'Amr." So the second *illa* is annulled. It has no value; if it were deleted, there would be nothing missing. It would be like an extra word. Now, "except the young man, except the high." If we delete *illa*, is it valid?
The student: It is valid.
The Shaykh : "Except the young man, the high" is permissible, and *illa* is not?
The student: It is permissible.
The Shaykh : It is permissible. If we delete *illa* from "Do not honor anyone except Zayd, and except 'Umar," if we delete *illa*, the speech is correct: "Except Zayd and 'Umar." So, if *illa* is repeated with the intention of emphasis, it is annulled, having no function whatsoever. If it is repeated for the purpose of emphasis, the author said:
"And if *illa* is repeated for emphasis, then *** with the emptying of the effect by the operator, leave it"
The student: If we delete *illa*... would it not be an attribute for "the young man, the high"?
He (may Allah have mercy on him) said: "And annul *illa* that is for emphasis". To annul *illa* means to invalidate its function. To annul *illa* means to invalidate its function. To annul *illa* "that is for emphasis" means: in the state of being for emphasis. What is "for emphasis"? It means possessing emphasis, meaning: when it comes as an emphatic particle. Naturally, it does not come as an emphatic particle unless an *illa* preceded it. It does not come as an emphatic particle unless an *illa* preceded it...?
The student: ...
The Shaykh : Because emphasis requires a preceding emphasized item. Therefore, if *illa* is repeated, and if the second one is an emphasis of the first, then the second one, being a repetition, is considered annulled; it has no function whatsoever. "And annul *illa* that is for emphasis" means: in the state of being?
The student: Possessing emphasis.
The Shaykh : Possessing emphasis, emphasizing a preceding *illa*, emphasizing a preceding *illa* which is annulled. The example is: "Do not pass through them except the young man, except the high." "Do not pass through them except the young man, except the high." "The high" is the young man, and "the high" means: honor and elevation. It is an attribute of a verbal noun, meaning: an attribute by which it is described, and it is a verbal noun. Just as you say: "Zayd is your slave," describing him with the verbal noun. So "the high" is a verbal noun by which Zayd is described. Now, "do not pass through them" — put down your pens, everyone! — "except the young man." "Do not pass through them except the young man." Is this example from the *mufarragh* (empty) type, or from the *tamm al-mujib* (complete affirmative) type, or from the *tamm al-masbuq bi nafy* (complete preceded by negation) or its like?
The student: The latter.
The Shaykh : It is from the complete type preceded by negation or its like. And on this basis, "except the young man" — the young man is in the position of genitive, as a substitute for the pronoun in?
The student: In "them."
The Shaykh : In "them." And is it permissible for it to be in the position of accusative, or is *illa* not?
The student: Yes.
The Shaykh : It is permissible, but it is the weaker position, because he says:
"And after negation or like negation, choose *** following what is connected"
"Following what is connected". So there is no *la* of prohibition. And "pass through" (*tamarrar*): a present tense verb, in the *majzum* (jussive) case due to *la* of prohibition. Its subject is hidden obligatorily, estimated as?
The student: I am.
The Shaykh : I? No, you. "You do not pass through." "Through them" is a preposition and its object, connected to "pass through." *Illa* is a particle of exception, right?
The student: Yes.
The Shaykh : "The young man" is a substitute for the *ha* in "them," and a substitute for the genitive?
The student: Genitive.
The Shaykh : Genitive, and the sign of its genitive case is the *kasrah* (vowel) estimated on the *alif*, prevented from appearing by impossibility. "Except the high." *Illa* is a particle of exception, annulled, having no function. "The high" is an explanatory apposition or a substitute for what?
The student: For the young man.
The Shaykh : For the young man. An explanatory apposition or a substitute for the young man, because "the high" is the young man. "The high" is the young man. Did you understand, everyone? Now, and just as it is annulled in a substitute and explanatory apposition, it is annulled in conjunction, as you say: "Do not honor except Zayd, and except 'Umar." So "except Zayd" is the object, and the *waw* is a particle of conjunction, and *illa* is annulled. And "'Umar" is conjoined to Zayd, and *illa* is annulled. So the meaning of the author's statement: "And annul *illa* that is for emphasis" is that if *illa* is repeated with the intention of emphasis, then it is?
The student: Annulled.
The Shaykh : Annulled, whether it is in an explanatory apposition or a substitute, or it is in a conjunction of coordination. Conjunction of coordination means: conjunction by *waw* or *thumma* or what is like that. The example: "So do not pass through them except the young man, except the high." This is an example of explanatory apposition or substitute. An example of conjunction of coordination: "Do not pass through anyone except Zayd, and except 'Amr." "Except Zayd, and except 'Amr." So the second *illa* is annulled. It has no value; if it were deleted, there would be nothing missing. It would be like an extra word. Now, "except the young man, except the high." If we delete *illa*, is it valid?
The student: It is valid.
The Shaykh : "Except the young man, the high" is permissible, and *illa* is not?
The student: It is permissible.
The Shaykh : It is permissible. If we delete *illa* from "Do not honor anyone except Zayd, and except 'Umar," if we delete *illa*, the speech is correct: "Except Zayd and 'Umar." So, if *illa* is repeated with the intention of emphasis, it is annulled, having no function whatsoever. If it is repeated for the purpose of emphasis, the author said:
"And if *illa* is repeated for emphasis, then *** with the emptying of the effect by the operator, leave it"
The student: If we delete *illa*... would it not be an attribute for "the young man, the high"?