Explanation of the author's (may Allah have mercy on him) statement: " . . .
Machine translationRead the Arabic original
The Shaykh : *Kana* and its sisters raise the subject and put the predicate in the accusative case. Raising the subject and putting the predicate in the accusative case means that the subject remains in the nominative case, while the predicate becomes in the accusative case. So if you say "Zayd is standing," both are here
The student: It is raised.
The Shaykh : in the nominative case because no operative factor that introduces *kana* has entered upon them. If you say "Zayd was standing," look at what it did: it put the predicate in the accusative case. The subject
Did it raise it, or was the raising from before? It is said that *kana* did not affect the subject at all because it was already in the nominative case, or is it said that it affected it, so the first ruling, which was its being in the nominative case due to being a subject, was stripped away and replaced by the second ruling, which is its being in the nominative case due to *kana*?
The author says "it raises the subject". It raises the subject, and he did not say "it leaves the subject in the nominative case." If he had said "it leaves it in the nominative case," we would have said that the operative effect belongs to something else. But he said "it raises," so it has affected it. It has affected it, and for this reason we say
"Zayd was standing"
*Kana*: a past tense verb
And Zayd: its subject, in the nominative case due to it. We do not say it is in the nominative case due to being a subject. So it has affected it; otherwise, it would not have affected it, because it says "in the nominative case due to it," and the sign of its being in the nominative case is a visible *damma* at its end.
"Standing": its predicate, in the accusative case due to it, and the sign of its being in the accusative case is a visible *fatha* at its end. Look in the Qur'an; Allah the Exalted said[Al-Baqarah 2:218] [Al-Baqarah 2:218]. "Allah" is the subject and "Forgiving" is the predicate. And He the Exalted said [An-Nisa 4:96]. "Allah" is in the nominative case and "Forgiving" is in the accusative case. What made it this way? The entry of
The student: "Was" (kana).
The Shaykh : the entry of *kana*. So, everyone, *kana* raises the subject, what does it do? It puts the predicate in the accusative case. The example is "Zayd was standing." We say
*Kana*: an incomplete past tense verb. Incomplete, why is it incomplete? Because it does not suffice with its subject. It does not suffice with the nominative case. We say "Zayd was," and we must expect something. For this reason, it is called incomplete.
Zayd: its subject, in the nominative case due to it, and the sign of its being in the nominative case is a visible *damma* at its end. "Standing": its predicate, in the accusative case due to it, and the sign of its being in the accusative case is a visible *fatha* at its end. Do you understand, everyone? Now, if someone said "Zayd was standing"
The student: This is a mistake.
The Shaykh : We said this is a mistake because *kana* raises the subject and puts the predicate in the accusative case. The second person said "Zayd was standing" [with Zayd in the accusative and standing in the nominative], which is a mistake. The third person said "Zayd was standing" [with both in the accusative], which is a mistake. You must say "Zayd was standing" because *kana* raises the subject and puts the predicate in the accusative case. Now, "Your brother was standing"
The student: Error
The Shaykh : how
The student: Your brother.
The Shaykh : "Your brother was standing" is a mistake. A mistake, because you have now reversed it. So what do you say? "Your brother was standing." "Your brother was standing." Now, "The Muslims were pious" is correct. "The Muslims were pious" [with Muslims in the accusative and pious in the nominative]
The student: Error
The Shaykh : is a mistake. "The Muslims were pious"
The student: Error
The Shaykh : is a mistake. "The Muslims were pious"
The student: Error
The Shaykh : is a mistake. The correct form is "The Muslims were pious." Now, he says "As for *kana* and its sisters, they raise the subject and put the predicate in the accusative case, and they are: *kana*". The example of *kana* is "Zayd was standing." "The rain was falling." Now, "*amsa*". *Amsa*, "The weather became cold." "The weather became cold." Now, if I said "The weather became cold" [with weather in the accusative and cold in the nominative]
The student: Error
The Shaykh : is a mistake. "The weather became cold"
The student: Error
The Shaykh : is a mistake. I must say "The weather became cold." Now, "*asbaha*". Here, for example, we say
"The weather became cold." So we say, "The weather became hot" is better. Yes, because the weather is hot at the end of the day and cold at the beginning of the day. So, "The weather became cold" [in the morning] and "The weather became hot" [in the evening].
*Adhha*. "The sun became shining." "The sun became shining." "The sun became shining" [with sun in the accusative and shining in the nominative]
The student: Error
The Shaykh : Ah?
The student: Error
The Shaykh : Now, "The sun became shining"
The student: Error
The Shaykh : Error.
The student: Yes, that is right.
The Shaykh : "The sun became shining"
The student: Error
The Shaykh : is a mistake. All three are mistakes.
The student: All of them.
The Shaykh : The correct form is "The sun became shining." Now,
The student: It is raised.
The Shaykh : in the nominative case because no operative factor that introduces *kana* has entered upon them. If you say "Zayd was standing," look at what it did: it put the predicate in the accusative case. The subject
Did it raise it, or was the raising from before? It is said that *kana* did not affect the subject at all because it was already in the nominative case, or is it said that it affected it, so the first ruling, which was its being in the nominative case due to being a subject, was stripped away and replaced by the second ruling, which is its being in the nominative case due to *kana*?
The author says "it raises the subject". It raises the subject, and he did not say "it leaves the subject in the nominative case." If he had said "it leaves it in the nominative case," we would have said that the operative effect belongs to something else. But he said "it raises," so it has affected it. It has affected it, and for this reason we say
"Zayd was standing"
*Kana*: a past tense verb
And Zayd: its subject, in the nominative case due to it. We do not say it is in the nominative case due to being a subject. So it has affected it; otherwise, it would not have affected it, because it says "in the nominative case due to it," and the sign of its being in the nominative case is a visible *damma* at its end.
"Standing": its predicate, in the accusative case due to it, and the sign of its being in the accusative case is a visible *fatha* at its end. Look in the Qur'an; Allah the Exalted said
And Allah is Forgiving and Merciful.
والله غفور رحيمAnd Allah is Forgiving and Merciful.
والله غفور رحيمAnd Allah is ever Forgiving
وكان الله غفوراThe student: "Was" (kana).
The Shaykh : the entry of *kana*. So, everyone, *kana* raises the subject, what does it do? It puts the predicate in the accusative case. The example is "Zayd was standing." We say
*Kana*: an incomplete past tense verb. Incomplete, why is it incomplete? Because it does not suffice with its subject. It does not suffice with the nominative case. We say "Zayd was," and we must expect something. For this reason, it is called incomplete.
Zayd: its subject, in the nominative case due to it, and the sign of its being in the nominative case is a visible *damma* at its end. "Standing": its predicate, in the accusative case due to it, and the sign of its being in the accusative case is a visible *fatha* at its end. Do you understand, everyone? Now, if someone said "Zayd was standing"
The student: This is a mistake.
The Shaykh : We said this is a mistake because *kana* raises the subject and puts the predicate in the accusative case. The second person said "Zayd was standing" [with Zayd in the accusative and standing in the nominative], which is a mistake. The third person said "Zayd was standing" [with both in the accusative], which is a mistake. You must say "Zayd was standing" because *kana* raises the subject and puts the predicate in the accusative case. Now, "Your brother was standing"
The student: Error
The Shaykh : how
The student: Your brother.
The Shaykh : "Your brother was standing" is a mistake. A mistake, because you have now reversed it. So what do you say? "Your brother was standing." "Your brother was standing." Now, "The Muslims were pious" is correct. "The Muslims were pious" [with Muslims in the accusative and pious in the nominative]
The student: Error
The Shaykh : is a mistake. "The Muslims were pious"
The student: Error
The Shaykh : is a mistake. "The Muslims were pious"
The student: Error
The Shaykh : is a mistake. The correct form is "The Muslims were pious." Now, he says "As for *kana* and its sisters, they raise the subject and put the predicate in the accusative case, and they are: *kana*". The example of *kana* is "Zayd was standing." "The rain was falling." Now, "*amsa*". *Amsa*, "The weather became cold." "The weather became cold." Now, if I said "The weather became cold" [with weather in the accusative and cold in the nominative]
The student: Error
The Shaykh : is a mistake. "The weather became cold"
The student: Error
The Shaykh : is a mistake. I must say "The weather became cold." Now, "*asbaha*". Here, for example, we say
"The weather became cold." So we say, "The weather became hot" is better. Yes, because the weather is hot at the end of the day and cold at the beginning of the day. So, "The weather became cold" [in the morning] and "The weather became hot" [in the evening].
*Adhha*. "The sun became shining." "The sun became shining." "The sun became shining" [with sun in the accusative and shining in the nominative]
The student: Error
The Shaykh : Ah?
The student: Error
The Shaykh : Now, "The sun became shining"
The student: Error
The Shaykh : Error.
The student: Yes, that is right.
The Shaykh : "The sun became shining"
The student: Error
The Shaykh : is a mistake. All three are mistakes.
The student: All of them.
The Shaykh : The correct form is "The sun became shining." Now,