Explanation of the author's (may Allah have mercy on him) statement: " . . .
Machine translationRead the Arabic original
The Shaykh : Upon our Prophet Muhammad and upon his family and all his Companions. We are now taking up the *nawasikh* (factors that alter the grammatical state) that enter upon the subject and the predicate. Some scholars call them *nawasikh*. We will also discuss the grammatical analysis even after the alteration, meaning even after the subject and predicate have changed. For this reason, the non-single predicate has four things: the preposition and its object, the adverb of time or place, the verb with its subject or its substitute, and the subject with its predicate. Now, both the subject and the predicate are in the nominative case, is that not so?
The student: Yes.
The Shaykh : That is, the subject is in the nominative case and the predicate is in the nominative case. But there are factors; factors that, when they enter upon the subject and the predicate, change them. Among these factors are those that change the predicate and leave the subject in the nominative case. And among them are those that change the subject and make the predicate in the nominative case. This is *'ada*. And among them are those that change both, the subject and the predicate. Do you understand?
So the factors, along with the original state, are four things: making both nominative, making both accusative, making the first nominative and the second accusative, and making the first accusative and the second nominative. And in this... the factors and the absence of factors. If there is no factor here...
The student: The nominative.
The Shaykh : The nominative case makes the subject and the predicate nominative. So you say, "Zayd is standing," "The two Zayds are standing," and "The Zayds are standing." The factors are three categories:
A category that changes the subject.
And a category that changes the predicate.
And a category that changes both the subject and the predicate.
The category that changes the predicate without changing the subject is *kana* and its sisters. And for this reason, the author said:
"The chapter on the factors that enter upon the subject and the predicate, and they are three things: *kana* and its sisters, *inna* and its sisters, and *zann* and its sisters". The scholars of grammar call the sisters of a factor the factors that perform its function. Otherwise, is there a full brother or a half-brother, or not?
The student: Yes.
The Shaykh : There is not. But if the factor performs a function that resembles, meaning it is the same function as the other, it is called its brother. Yes, because of their agreement in function.
The student: Yes.
The Shaykh : That is, the subject is in the nominative case and the predicate is in the nominative case. But there are factors; factors that, when they enter upon the subject and the predicate, change them. Among these factors are those that change the predicate and leave the subject in the nominative case. And among them are those that change the subject and make the predicate in the nominative case. This is *'ada*. And among them are those that change both, the subject and the predicate. Do you understand?
So the factors, along with the original state, are four things: making both nominative, making both accusative, making the first nominative and the second accusative, and making the first accusative and the second nominative. And in this... the factors and the absence of factors. If there is no factor here...
The student: The nominative.
The Shaykh : The nominative case makes the subject and the predicate nominative. So you say, "Zayd is standing," "The two Zayds are standing," and "The Zayds are standing." The factors are three categories:
A category that changes the subject.
And a category that changes the predicate.
And a category that changes both the subject and the predicate.
The category that changes the predicate without changing the subject is *kana* and its sisters. And for this reason, the author said:
"The chapter on the factors that enter upon the subject and the predicate, and they are three things: *kana* and its sisters, *inna* and its sisters, and *zann* and its sisters". The scholars of grammar call the sisters of a factor the factors that perform its function. Otherwise, is there a full brother or a half-brother, or not?
The student: Yes.
The Shaykh : There is not. But if the factor performs a function that resembles, meaning it is the same function as the other, it is called its brother. Yes, because of their agreement in function.