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﴿ فَاسْأَلُوا أَهْلَ الذِّكْرِ إِن كُنتُمْ لَا تَعْلَمُونَ ﴾

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What is the evidence for the non-prescription of repeating the congregational prayer in a mosque that has a regular imam?

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The Shaykh : If we have mentioned this severe warning for those who miss the first congregational prayer, we should mention a similar warning regarding another congregation on which the scholars agreed that it is not prescribed to repeat it a second time, namely the Friday prayer congregation. As you heard, this hadith is in the two Sahihs in similar wording or exact wording from Abu Hurayrah. In Sahih Muslim, there is a similar report from Ibn Mas'ud, who said: The Messenger of Allah (peace and blessings be upon him) said:
I intended to burn down the houses of those who miss the Friday prayer لقد هممتُ أَن أُحرّق بيوت المتخلفين عن صلاة الجمعة
,
I intended to burn down the houses of those who miss the Friday prayer لقد هممت أن أحرّق بيوت المتخلفين عن صلاة الجمعة
: So when you see that missing the Friday prayer and missing the congregational prayer share in this [warning], you understand that the congregational prayer other than Friday has the same ruling as the Friday prayer, meaning: it is obligatory, as Allah (Blessed and Exalted is He) said:
And establish prayer and give zakah and bow with those who bow [in worship and obedience]. وأقيموا الصلاة وآتوا الزكاة واركعوا مع الراكعين
[Al-Baqarah 2:43]
. Likewise, we understand that just as it is not permissible to repeat the Friday prayer in the same mosque, it is not permissible to repeat the congregational prayer in the same mosque, due to the two conditions mentioned at the beginning of our discussion: that it has a regular imam and a regular mu'adhdhin, as is the case with the Friday prayer.
Source alathar.net

The Arabic text is copied verbatim from the original source, without any edits.

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