Ruling on sufficing with one act of worship when two acts of worship share the same form
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If two acts of worship share the same form but differ in the issue of obligation, such as the ghusl for Friday and the ghusl for janabah, or if someone delays the sunnah of Fajr until the sun rises and then prays the two rak'ahs that are recommended when the sun rises until it reaches the height of a spear, what is the ruling on combining them in a single act?
This is an important question. If two acts of worship coincide, is one sufficient in place of the other? If the act of worship is intended for its own sake, it does not suffice for the other; one must perform both. If it is not intended for its own sake, but the aim is simply to achieve that act with whatever description it is given, then one suffices for the other. For example, regarding the ghusl for Friday in the case of janabah and for the sake of Friday, we say: The aim of the ghusl for Friday is: purity and cleanliness. This is why the Messenger (peace and blessings be upon him) said to the Companions who came from the high places and distant locations, and who would be sweating and smelling, saying: (If only you would purify yourselves on this day of yours) Here the aim is cleanliness and fragrance, but by the command of the Messenger it became an act of worship.
We say now: If one intends the ghusl for janabah, it suffices for the ghusl for Friday, just as the obligatory prayer suffices for the greeting of the mosque. If one intends the ghusl for Friday, it does not suffice for janabah; because the ghusl for Friday is not for a state of ritual impurity, whereas the ghusl for janabah is for a state of ritual impurity. For this reason, if one deliberately omits the ghusl for Friday and prays the Friday prayer, his prayer is valid. But if he deliberately omits the ghusl for janabah, or does not deliberate but prays the Friday prayer while in a state of janabah, his prayer is not valid.
As for the issue of the sunnah of Fajr with the sunnah of Ishraq or the sunnah of Duha, one does not suffice for the other; because the sunnah of Duha is intended for its own sake. For this reason, if a person, for example, has the first rawatib of Zuhr, which is four rak'ahs in two taslims, and he missed it at the beginning, and he comes in while the imam is praying and wants to make it up, does he pray two rak'ahs for the four? This is the detail found in the explanation. If the act of worship is intended for its own sake, it must be performed and the other does not suffice for it. If the aim is to achieve that act with whatever description it is given, one suffices for the other. However, the greater one suffices for the lesser, but the lesser does not suffice for the greater.
This is an important question. If two acts of worship coincide, is one sufficient in place of the other? If the act of worship is intended for its own sake, it does not suffice for the other; one must perform both. If it is not intended for its own sake, but the aim is simply to achieve that act with whatever description it is given, then one suffices for the other. For example, regarding the ghusl for Friday in the case of janabah and for the sake of Friday, we say: The aim of the ghusl for Friday is: purity and cleanliness. This is why the Messenger (peace and blessings be upon him) said to the Companions who came from the high places and distant locations, and who would be sweating and smelling, saying: (If only you would purify yourselves on this day of yours) Here the aim is cleanliness and fragrance, but by the command of the Messenger it became an act of worship.
We say now: If one intends the ghusl for janabah, it suffices for the ghusl for Friday, just as the obligatory prayer suffices for the greeting of the mosque. If one intends the ghusl for Friday, it does not suffice for janabah; because the ghusl for Friday is not for a state of ritual impurity, whereas the ghusl for janabah is for a state of ritual impurity. For this reason, if one deliberately omits the ghusl for Friday and prays the Friday prayer, his prayer is valid. But if he deliberately omits the ghusl for janabah, or does not deliberate but prays the Friday prayer while in a state of janabah, his prayer is not valid.
As for the issue of the sunnah of Fajr with the sunnah of Ishraq or the sunnah of Duha, one does not suffice for the other; because the sunnah of Duha is intended for its own sake. For this reason, if a person, for example, has the first rawatib of Zuhr, which is four rak'ahs in two taslims, and he missed it at the beginning, and he comes in while the imam is praying and wants to make it up, does he pray two rak'ahs for the four? This is the detail found in the explanation. If the act of worship is intended for its own sake, it must be performed and the other does not suffice for it. If the aim is to achieve that act with whatever description it is given, one suffices for the other. However, the greater one suffices for the lesser, but the lesser does not suffice for the greater.