Explanation of the words of Ibn Malik (may Allah have mercy on him): "And decline with the two precedents of *yakun* if you wish *** And after *ma* it is declined, and declension may occur."
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The Shaykh : He says:
"And decline with the two precedents of *yakun* if you wish"
"And decline with the two precedents of *yakun*"
The rule we took from the first verse: Exception is made with *laysa*, *khalā*, *'adā*, and *lā yakūn*, such that the excepted item is in the accusative case. Do you understand?
The student: Always.
The Shaykh : Always, so you want to bring out what he said:
"And decline with the two precedents of *yakun*"
And what are the two precedents of it?
The student: *Khalā* and *'adā*.
The Shaykh : *'Adā* and *khalā*, and *laysa*, right?
The student: The two precedents, the two precedents.
The Shaykh : The author says: "with the two precedents" is dual, and its two precedents are two: *'adā* and *khalā*.
"And decline with the two precedents of *yakun* if you wish"
And it is understood from his saying "decline if you wish" that the accusative is preferred, but if you wish, you may decline. But after *ma* and after *ma*, where do they come? They come before *khalā* and before *'adā*, meaning: if they occur after *ma* and are in the accusative, then the accusative is obligatory.
"And declension may occur"
Also, with the presence of *ma*, declension may occur, but the accusative is obligatory, and declension is attested. He said:
"And decline with the two precedents of *yakun*"
An example of that is: *Qāma al-qawmu khalā Zayd* (The people stood up except Zayd). The grammatical analysis: *Qāma* is a past tense verb, *al-qawmu* is the subject, and *khalā*—we do not analyze it as a verb now, we analyze it as a preposition. *Khalā* is a preposition, and *Zayd* is a noun in the genitive case by *khalā*. Okay, *Qāma al-qawmu 'adā Zayd* (The people stood up except Zayd). *Qāma al-qawmu* is a verb and a subject, and *'adā*?
The student: A preposition.
The Shaykh : Huh?
The student: A preposition.
The Shaykh : A preposition. *'Adā* is a preposition, and *Zayd* is a noun in the genitive case by *'adā*, and the sign of its genitive is a visible kasrah at its end. And on this basis, *khalā* and *'adā* are suitable to be either verbs or prepositions. What indicates this to you? If you put what follows them in the accusative, they are verbs, and if you put it in the genitive, they are prepositions. For this reason, he said:
"And where they declined, they are two prepositions *** Just as they are two verbs if they are in the accusative"
Do you understand now? So, *khalā* and *'adā*, if what follows them is in the accusative, they are?
The student: Two verbs.
The Shaykh : Two verbs, and if it is in the genitive?
The student: Two prepositions.
The Shaykh : They are two prepositions. But after *ma*, if *ma* occurs before them, they are two verbs, and it is obligatory to put what follows them in the accusative. You say: *Qāma al-qawmu mā khalā Zaydan* (The people stood up, except for Zayd) and *mā 'adā Bakran* (except for Bakr). It is not permissible to say: *Qāma al-qawmu mā khalā Zayd* (The people stood up, except for Zayd) or *mā 'adā Bakr* (except for Bakr), but the accusative is required. For this reason, he said:
"And after *ma* it is in the accusative"
Meaning: put it in the accusative if *'adā* and *khalā* occur after *ma*. But declension may occur, and it is rare. You may say: *mā khalā Zayd* (except for Zayd) and *mā 'adā Bakr* (except for Bakr), but it is rare. And some scholars say: it is not permissible, and what has occurred is anomalous. And this is closer to the view that *'adā* and *khalā* after *ma* are verbs, and Allah knows best.
"And decline with the two precedents of *yakun* if you wish"
"And decline with the two precedents of *yakun*"
The rule we took from the first verse: Exception is made with *laysa*, *khalā*, *'adā*, and *lā yakūn*, such that the excepted item is in the accusative case. Do you understand?
The student: Always.
The Shaykh : Always, so you want to bring out what he said:
"And decline with the two precedents of *yakun*"
And what are the two precedents of it?
The student: *Khalā* and *'adā*.
The Shaykh : *'Adā* and *khalā*, and *laysa*, right?
The student: The two precedents, the two precedents.
The Shaykh : The author says: "with the two precedents" is dual, and its two precedents are two: *'adā* and *khalā*.
"And decline with the two precedents of *yakun* if you wish"
And it is understood from his saying "decline if you wish" that the accusative is preferred, but if you wish, you may decline. But after *ma* and after *ma*, where do they come? They come before *khalā* and before *'adā*, meaning: if they occur after *ma* and are in the accusative, then the accusative is obligatory.
"And declension may occur"
Also, with the presence of *ma*, declension may occur, but the accusative is obligatory, and declension is attested. He said:
"And decline with the two precedents of *yakun*"
An example of that is: *Qāma al-qawmu khalā Zayd* (The people stood up except Zayd). The grammatical analysis: *Qāma* is a past tense verb, *al-qawmu* is the subject, and *khalā*—we do not analyze it as a verb now, we analyze it as a preposition. *Khalā* is a preposition, and *Zayd* is a noun in the genitive case by *khalā*. Okay, *Qāma al-qawmu 'adā Zayd* (The people stood up except Zayd). *Qāma al-qawmu* is a verb and a subject, and *'adā*?
The student: A preposition.
The Shaykh : Huh?
The student: A preposition.
The Shaykh : A preposition. *'Adā* is a preposition, and *Zayd* is a noun in the genitive case by *'adā*, and the sign of its genitive is a visible kasrah at its end. And on this basis, *khalā* and *'adā* are suitable to be either verbs or prepositions. What indicates this to you? If you put what follows them in the accusative, they are verbs, and if you put it in the genitive, they are prepositions. For this reason, he said:
"And where they declined, they are two prepositions *** Just as they are two verbs if they are in the accusative"
Do you understand now? So, *khalā* and *'adā*, if what follows them is in the accusative, they are?
The student: Two verbs.
The Shaykh : Two verbs, and if it is in the genitive?
The student: Two prepositions.
The Shaykh : They are two prepositions. But after *ma*, if *ma* occurs before them, they are two verbs, and it is obligatory to put what follows them in the accusative. You say: *Qāma al-qawmu mā khalā Zaydan* (The people stood up, except for Zayd) and *mā 'adā Bakran* (except for Bakr). It is not permissible to say: *Qāma al-qawmu mā khalā Zayd* (The people stood up, except for Zayd) or *mā 'adā Bakr* (except for Bakr), but the accusative is required. For this reason, he said:
"And after *ma* it is in the accusative"
Meaning: put it in the accusative if *'adā* and *khalā* occur after *ma*. But declension may occur, and it is rare. You may say: *mā khalā Zayd* (except for Zayd) and *mā 'adā Bakr* (except for Bakr), but it is rare. And some scholars say: it is not permissible, and what has occurred is anomalous. And this is closer to the view that *'adā* and *khalā* after *ma* are verbs, and Allah knows best.