Explanation of the words of Ibn Malik (may Allah have mercy on him): "And raise with a waw, and lower with an alif *** and decline with a ya what of the names I describe."
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The Shaykh : Then the author said, and this is the new lesson for tonight:
"And raise with a waw, and lower with an alif *** and decline with a ya what of the names I describe"
His saying: "Raise with a waw, lower with an alif, and decline with a ya" — these are three verbs, all of which require an object in his saying: "what of the names I describe". "What" is a relative pronoun meaning "that which," and it is the object of the last of these three verbs. It is the object of the last of these three verbs because three factors are in competition for it, and the one that governs it is the last one. The second is more appropriate according to the people of Basra, so they leave the phrase "what of the names I describe" as the object of "decline," and the two preceding verbs are considered to have an implied object because it is omitted. That is to say, the author is saying: "What I describe of the names, raise it with a waw, lower it with an alif, and decline it with a ya". And his saying: "what of the names I describe" — "what" is a relative pronoun, as I said, and it requires a relative clause. The relative clause is the sentence "I describe." "I describe" is a present tense verb, raised by the visible dammah, and the doer is hidden by necessity, estimated to be "I." The sentence has no grammatical position; it is the relative clause of the relative pronoun. "Of the names" is attached to "describe."
And the meaning of "I describe" is "I mention." The meaning of "I describe" is "I mention." So he is saying: "Raise with a waw, lower with an alif, and decline with a ya what I mention of the names, what I mention of the names."
So these markers are contrary to what came before, because what came before says: "Raise with a dammah", "So raise with a dammah", and here he says: "Raise with a waw". And he says: "Lower with a fathah", and here he says: "Lower with an alif". And he says: "Decline with a kasrah", and here he says: "Decline with a ya" what I describe of the names. How do the first and second statements reconcile? We say: He says: "And other than what is mentioned substitutes", meaning if you find something raised by other than a dammah, it is a substitute for the dammah. If you find something lowered by other than a fathah, it is a substitute for the fathah. If you see something declined by other than a kasrah, it is a substitute for the kasrah.
"And raise with a waw, and lower with an alif *** and decline with a ya what of the names I describe"
His saying: "Raise with a waw, lower with an alif, and decline with a ya" — these are three verbs, all of which require an object in his saying: "what of the names I describe". "What" is a relative pronoun meaning "that which," and it is the object of the last of these three verbs. It is the object of the last of these three verbs because three factors are in competition for it, and the one that governs it is the last one. The second is more appropriate according to the people of Basra, so they leave the phrase "what of the names I describe" as the object of "decline," and the two preceding verbs are considered to have an implied object because it is omitted. That is to say, the author is saying: "What I describe of the names, raise it with a waw, lower it with an alif, and decline it with a ya". And his saying: "what of the names I describe" — "what" is a relative pronoun, as I said, and it requires a relative clause. The relative clause is the sentence "I describe." "I describe" is a present tense verb, raised by the visible dammah, and the doer is hidden by necessity, estimated to be "I." The sentence has no grammatical position; it is the relative clause of the relative pronoun. "Of the names" is attached to "describe."
And the meaning of "I describe" is "I mention." The meaning of "I describe" is "I mention." So he is saying: "Raise with a waw, lower with an alif, and decline with a ya what I mention of the names, what I mention of the names."
So these markers are contrary to what came before, because what came before says: "Raise with a dammah", "So raise with a dammah", and here he says: "Raise with a waw". And he says: "Lower with a fathah", and here he says: "Lower with an alif". And he says: "Decline with a kasrah", and here he says: "Decline with a ya" what I describe of the names. How do the first and second statements reconcile? We say: He says: "And other than what is mentioned substitutes", meaning if you find something raised by other than a dammah, it is a substitute for the dammah. If you find something lowered by other than a fathah, it is a substitute for the fathah. If you see something declined by other than a kasrah, it is a substitute for the kasrah.