Explanation of the words of Ibn Malik (may Allah have mercy on him): . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

The Shaykh : For example:
"Hastening *** a traveler"
This is a traveler hastening. "This" is the subject (mubtada'), "traveler" is the predicate (khabar) of the subject, and "hastening" is a state (hal) describing the doer of "traveler." Is "traveler" here an attribute that is neither a verb nor an attribute? Nor a verb?
The student: No, it is an attribute.

The Shaykh : "Traveler" is an attribute, a name of the doer (ism fa'il). Is it permissible for me to say: "Hastening, this is a traveler"? Did you understand? Good. Another example: "Zayd came riding." Is this a natural order or not?
The student: Natural.

The Shaykh : Natural. "Riding, Zayd came." Is this permissible or not?
The student: It is permissible.

The Shaykh : It is permissible, because the governor (amil) of the state is a variable attribute. Yes, good. The rule is: It is permissible to place the state before its governor if the governor is a variable verb, or an attribute that resembles it. What is the attribute that resembles the verb? We say: It is every description that includes the meaning of the verb and its letters, including the meaning of the verb and its letters, such as the name of the doer, the name of the receiver, and the comparative adjective, yes? It includes the meaning of the verb and its letters, including the meaning of the verb and its letters, such as the name of the doer, the name of the receiver, the comparative adjective. And what remains with us? We remain with the superlative name (ism tafdil). The superlative name is an attribute, but it does not vary, because it is bound to what? To the singular. "Zayd is better than 'Amr," "Men are better than women." Look, it did not say "better ones" (afdalun) than women, "Women are more alive than men," and so on. Therefore, it is not permissible for the state to precede if its governor is a superlative name. And it was said: Rather, it is permissible, and that is the stronger position. Yes, it was said: Rather, it is permissible. And on this basis, it is permissible for the state to precede its governor, whether the governor is a variable verb, a variable attribute, a non-variable verb, or a non-variable attribute.
The student: Absolutely?

The Shaykh : Absolutely. It is permissible to place the state before its governor absolutely. This is the stronger position, because there is no evidence for prohibition, as some of the annotators said. And as long as there is no evidence for prohibition, and the meaning is sound, and its like has occurred, why is it not permissible? Yes, it may be rare in the speech of the Arabs, but there is a difference between saying that it is rare and saying that it is prohibited. Good. The parsing of "Hastening, this is a traveler." The parsing of it, O Husayn?
The student: I do not know.

The Shaykh : Do you not know? Yes?
The student: "Hastening": a state.

The Shaykh : Yes, a state of whom?
The student: Of "traveler."

The Shaykh : No, no.
The student: Of "came."

The Shaykh : Huh?
The student: Of "came."
Another student: Of the doer of "traveler."

The Shaykh : Of the doer of "traveler. Good. Preceded.
The student: Preceded, and "this."

The Shaykh : Yes.
The student: A demonstrative noun, subject.

The Shaykh : Yes.
The student: "Traveler" is the predicate.

The Shaykh : It is built on sukun in the position of nominative.
The student: In the position of nominative, "traveler" is the predicate.

The Shaykh : Predicate, what?
The student: The predicate of "this."

The Shaykh : The predicate of "this" is raised, and its sign of raising is...
The student: A visible dammah.

The Shaykh : Good. Second, another example:
"And a sincere one, Zayd called"
The natural order is: "Zayd called sincerely." This is the natural order, but here he said:
"Sincerely, Zayd called"
Is it permissible?
The student: It is permissible.

The Shaykh : It is permissible. Its parsing is: "Sincerely": a state of the doer of "called." "Zayd": subject. "Called": past tense verb. Its doer is hidden, estimated to be "he." The sentence of the verb and the doer is in the position of nominative as the predicate of the subject "Zayd." Good. If it is permissible to place the state before the governor, is it permissible to separate between the governor and its possessor? Is it only placed before its possessor, or is it not permissible? It is placed before its possessor without its governor, because you must understand the difference between the governor and the possessor.
The student: It is permissible.

The Shaykh : "The man came riding." Where is the governor?
The student: "Came."

The Shaykh : "Came." And the possessor is "the man." Is it permissible for the state to precede between its possessor and its governor? Yes, because if it is permissible for it to precede the governor, then it is even more permissible for it to precede its possessor. So we say: "This is a traveler hastening," "This is a traveler hastening." Is this permissible?
The student: Yes.

The Shaykh : It is permissible. "Zayd called sincerely." Is this permissible?
The student: Yes.

The Shaykh : It is permissible, because the issue of placing the state before its governor was discussed because if it precedes it, its governance may be weakened. Therefore, it was discussed. But if it comes after the governor, there is no problem in the governor exerting its influence over it, and there is absolutely no problem in that.