Explanation of the author's (may Allah have mercy on him) statement: " . . .
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The Shaykh : The ẓāhir, he says, may Allah have mercy on him, "The ẓāhir is: like your saying: Zayd stood up and Zayd stands up, the two Zayds stood up and the two Zayds stand up, the Zayds stood up and the Zayds stand up, and the man stood up and the man stands up, the men stood up and the men stand up, Hind stood up and Hind stands up, the two Hinds stood up and the two Hinds stand up, the Hinds (plural) stood up and the Hinds (plural) stand up, the Hind women (plural) stood up and the Hind women (plural) stand up, your brother stood up and your brother stands up, my slave boy stood up and my slave boy stands up, and what is similar to that". May Allah reward him. He provided more examples because the book is for the beginner, and the beginner, the more examples you give him, the more the knowledge becomes firmly established in his heart. So let us look now at "Zayd stood up and Zayd stands up". The subject (fā'il) is masculine singular, and the verb is past tense and present tense. It is clear, then, that the author gave us two types of verb and one type of subject. What are the two types of verb? The past and the present. And the type of subject? The singular and the masculine. Zayd.
"The two Zayds stood up and the two Zayds stand up". This is a masculine dual. The dual of the masculine. And he gave two types of verb: the past and the present. Okay, how do we parse it?
Zayd: Subject (fā'il), raised (marfū'), and the sign of its raising is the visible dammah at its end.
The two Zayds: Subject (fā'il), raised (marfū'), and the sign of its raising is the alif in place of the dammah because it is a dual, and the nun is a substitute for the tanwin in the singular noun.
"The Zayds stood up and the Zayds stand up". This is a sound masculine plural. A sound masculine plural. And the verb is past tense and present tense.
The Zayds: Subject (fā'il), raised (marfū'), and the sign of its raising is the waw in place of the dammah. The waw in place of the dammah because it is a sound masculine plural. Okay.
"And the men stood up and the men stand up". This is a broken plural. And the broken plural is raised with the dammah, as we have passed through. Okay. And he finished with the men, so he came with the singular, the dual, the broken plural, and the sound plural. He brought them all. May Allah reward him and forgive him.
"And Hind stood up and Hind stands up". We have now started with the feminine. Hind is a singular feminine. And the verb is past tense and present tense. And we benefit from the author's saying "Hind stood up" and in the first one "Zayd stood up" that the verb is feminized with the feminine and masculinized with the masculine. So if you said "Zayd stood up" (using the feminine verb form) it would not be correct, because the verb must be feminized with the feminine. Is that clear, O Hidayat Allah? Okay.
"And the two Hinds stood up and the two Hinds stand up". This is a feminine dual. And the verb is past tense and present tense.
"And the Hinds (plural) stood up and the Hinds (plural) stand up". This is a sound feminine plural. A sound feminine plural. What is it raised with? With the dammah.
"And the Hind women (plural) stood up and the Hind women (plural) stand up". This is a broken plural. This is a broken plural for Hind. Okay. Is it feminine or not feminine? It is feminine. For this reason, he feminized the verb. The discussion on the feminine is finished. So he came with the singular, the dual, the sound plural, and the broken plural. Okay. And all these examples are all parsed with vowel movements.
The student: Some of them with letters.
The Shaykh : Yes, some of them with letters. The sound masculine plural and the dual are with letters.
The student: And the sound feminine plural.
The Shaykh : No, the sound feminine plural is with letters? No, with vowel movements. But there is a movement in place of a movement. The author said:
"And your brother stood up and your brother stands up". This is a singular masculine, but it is from the five nouns. It is raised with the waw in place of the dammah because it is from the five nouns.
"And my slave boy stood up and my slave boy stands up". This is what we have passed through before. And he means by it the word added to the first-person singular pronoun (yā' al-mutakallim). The word added to the first-person singular pronoun must have a kasrah before the first-person singular pronoun, because the yā' is only suited to the kasrah. The first-person singular pronoun is only suited to the kasrah of what comes before it. So how do we parse it? He says that the subject (fā'il) is the raised noun.
"And my slave boy stood up". There is no raised noun. What do we do? We say:
Slave boy: Subject (fā'il), raised (marfū'), and the sign of its raising is a presumed dammah on the letter before the first-person singular pronoun, prevented from appearing by the occupation of the place with the appropriate movement. So it is raised with a presumed dammah on the letter before the first-person singular pronoun, prevented from appearing by the occupation of the place with the appropriate movement. And we say the same for "stands up" "my slave boy stands up".
He said "and what is similar to that". What is similar to that from the examples. And he excelled and benefited, may Allah have mercy on him. In any case, the subject (fā'il), all the subject in these examples, is either apparent or hidden.
The student: Apparent.
The Shaykh : Apparent. Okay. The subject becomes hidden, so the author said:
"And the hidden one is the pronoun, twelve in number". We say, regarding His saying, the Exalted:
The student: No.
The Shaykh : Here, what do we say?
The student: For tracking and induction.
The Shaykh : For tracking and induction. The scholars of grammar, may Allah have mercy on them, tracked the pronouns and found that they do not exceed twelve pronouns.
"The two Zayds stood up and the two Zayds stand up". This is a masculine dual. The dual of the masculine. And he gave two types of verb: the past and the present. Okay, how do we parse it?
Zayd: Subject (fā'il), raised (marfū'), and the sign of its raising is the visible dammah at its end.
The two Zayds: Subject (fā'il), raised (marfū'), and the sign of its raising is the alif in place of the dammah because it is a dual, and the nun is a substitute for the tanwin in the singular noun.
"The Zayds stood up and the Zayds stand up". This is a sound masculine plural. A sound masculine plural. And the verb is past tense and present tense.
The Zayds: Subject (fā'il), raised (marfū'), and the sign of its raising is the waw in place of the dammah. The waw in place of the dammah because it is a sound masculine plural. Okay.
"And the men stood up and the men stand up". This is a broken plural. And the broken plural is raised with the dammah, as we have passed through. Okay. And he finished with the men, so he came with the singular, the dual, the broken plural, and the sound plural. He brought them all. May Allah reward him and forgive him.
"And Hind stood up and Hind stands up". We have now started with the feminine. Hind is a singular feminine. And the verb is past tense and present tense. And we benefit from the author's saying "Hind stood up" and in the first one "Zayd stood up" that the verb is feminized with the feminine and masculinized with the masculine. So if you said "Zayd stood up" (using the feminine verb form) it would not be correct, because the verb must be feminized with the feminine. Is that clear, O Hidayat Allah? Okay.
"And the two Hinds stood up and the two Hinds stand up". This is a feminine dual. And the verb is past tense and present tense.
"And the Hinds (plural) stood up and the Hinds (plural) stand up". This is a sound feminine plural. A sound feminine plural. What is it raised with? With the dammah.
"And the Hind women (plural) stood up and the Hind women (plural) stand up". This is a broken plural. This is a broken plural for Hind. Okay. Is it feminine or not feminine? It is feminine. For this reason, he feminized the verb. The discussion on the feminine is finished. So he came with the singular, the dual, the sound plural, and the broken plural. Okay. And all these examples are all parsed with vowel movements.
The student: Some of them with letters.
The Shaykh : Yes, some of them with letters. The sound masculine plural and the dual are with letters.
The student: And the sound feminine plural.
The Shaykh : No, the sound feminine plural is with letters? No, with vowel movements. But there is a movement in place of a movement. The author said:
"And your brother stood up and your brother stands up". This is a singular masculine, but it is from the five nouns. It is raised with the waw in place of the dammah because it is from the five nouns.
"And my slave boy stood up and my slave boy stands up". This is what we have passed through before. And he means by it the word added to the first-person singular pronoun (yā' al-mutakallim). The word added to the first-person singular pronoun must have a kasrah before the first-person singular pronoun, because the yā' is only suited to the kasrah. The first-person singular pronoun is only suited to the kasrah of what comes before it. So how do we parse it? He says that the subject (fā'il) is the raised noun.
"And my slave boy stood up". There is no raised noun. What do we do? We say:
Slave boy: Subject (fā'il), raised (marfū'), and the sign of its raising is a presumed dammah on the letter before the first-person singular pronoun, prevented from appearing by the occupation of the place with the appropriate movement. So it is raised with a presumed dammah on the letter before the first-person singular pronoun, prevented from appearing by the occupation of the place with the appropriate movement. And we say the same for "stands up" "my slave boy stands up".
He said "and what is similar to that". What is similar to that from the examples. And he excelled and benefited, may Allah have mercy on him. In any case, the subject (fā'il), all the subject in these examples, is either apparent or hidden.
The student: Apparent.
The Shaykh : Apparent. Okay. The subject becomes hidden, so the author said:
"And the hidden one is the pronoun, twelve in number". We say, regarding His saying, the Exalted:
The student: No.
The Shaykh : Here, what do we say?
The student: For tracking and induction.
The Shaykh : For tracking and induction. The scholars of grammar, may Allah have mercy on them, tracked the pronouns and found that they do not exceed twelve pronouns.