Explanation of the author's (may Allah have mercy on him) statement: " . . .
Machine translationRead the Arabic original
The Shaykh : The author said, "And the hidden pronoun, which is the pronoun, is twelve". We say, in response to the saying of Allah the Exalted:
The student: For tracking and induction.
The Shaykh : Here, and we say:
The student: For tracking and induction.
The Shaykh : In order to trace and inductively study, the scholars of grammar (may Allah have mercy on them) traced the pronouns and found that they do not exceed twelve pronouns.
"Such as when you say: I hit, we hit, you (masculine) hit, you (feminine) hit, you two (masculine) hit, you (masculine plural) hit, you (feminine plural) hit, he hit, she hit, the two of them hit, they (masculine) hit, and they (feminine) hit". Here.
The student: And "the two of them hit" with some.
The Shaykh : No, with us it is "he hit."
The student: Hit, the two of them hit.
The Shaykh : He hit and the two of them hit.
The student: No, there is no deficiency.
Another student: There is nothing.
The Shaykh : Let us look and count them: "Twelve, such as when you say: I hit, we hit, you (masculine) hit, you (feminine) hit, you two (masculine) hit, you (masculine plural) hit, you (feminine plural) hit, he hit, she hit, the two of them hit, they (masculine) hit, and they (feminine) hit".
The student: Twelve.
The Shaykh : Twelve. Good. Now let us look. He (may Allah have mercy on him) says:
"Twelve, such as when you say: I hit". The taa is the doer, but is it an explicit noun or a pronoun?
The student: Pronoun.
The Shaykh : It is a pronoun, a pronoun. So how do we parse "I hit"? We say: "Hit" is a past tense verb, built on sukun (stillness) because it is connected to a nominative pronoun. And according to the author's statement, "he hit" is a past tense verb, built on a presumed fathah (opening) on its end. Good. The taa is the doer. The taa is the doer, in the nominative case.
The student: No, it is built.
The Shaykh : We do not say it is in the nominative case.
The student: It is raised.
The Shaykh : No.
The student: In the nominative case…
The Shaykh : It is not in the nominative case. We say it is built on dammah (closing) in the position of the nominative case.
The student: In the nominative case…
The Shaykh : Yes, it is built on dammah in the position of the nominative case. You cannot say it is in the nominative case, meaning, do not make this dammah a dammah of inflection; this is a dammah of building. Therefore, we say it is built on dammah in the position of the nominative case. And "you (feminine) hit," yes.
"And we hit". "We hit," he says: "Hit" is a past tense verb, built on sukun, or built on a presumed fathah on its end, prevented from appearing. Yes, prevented from appearing due to suitability. Good. And "na" is the doer, in the nominative case.
The student: Constructed.
The Shaykh : Yes, it is built, built on sukun in the position of the nominative case. The difference between "I hit" and "we hit": "I hit" is for the speaker alone, and "we hit" is for the group, meaning the speaker and others with him, or for the one who magnifies himself, or for the one who magnifies himself. One might say, "We hit," and he is the one hitting alone, but he intends this for magnification. And whenever Allah attributes to Himself the pronoun in this form, the intended meaning is magnification.[Qaf 50:38] We say that "na" in both places intends magnification. Good.
"And you (masculine) hit". "You (masculine) hit" is for whom? For the masculine addressee, for the singular masculine addressee. "You (masculine) hit." Good.
"And you (feminine) hit". For the singular feminine addressee. The Arabs, glory be to Allah, because the man is higher than the woman, they made for him the upper movement, and because the woman is lower, they made for her the lower movement. Yes, and this is from the strange suitability, because men are stronger than women.
The student: It is the object.
The Shaykh : No. Some scholars say that all words are suitable for their meaning, but is that correct? Generally, it is so. You find, for example, the word "stone"; as soon as you say "stone," you feel dryness and hardness. Yes, but we do not know: is this feeling because we know that the stone is this stone, or is it a matter that indicates it? However, it is not consistent. Otherwise, we saw in the marginalia on the explanation of al-Tahrir, a summary of the principles, which we study during the day, that he said: "There is no word in the Arabic language but there is a suitability between it and its meaning". It must be so, but again, we do not know if this is by the original placement, or if a person, if he consults the stone, perhaps if he placed the stone on foam, we do not know if the foam becomes stone if he places it… Well, in any case, I say it is a literary suitability, either intentional or unintentional. Good.
"You (masculine) hit" is for the man, and "you (feminine) hit" is for the woman.
"And you two (masculine) hit". "You two (masculine) hit" is for the dual of masculine and feminine. "You two (masculine) hit" is for the dual of masculine and feminine. You say to two men, "You two hit," and you say to two women, "You two hit."
But what is the pronoun in "you two hit"? Is it the taa alone, and what follows it is a sign of duality, or is the pronoun the whole thing?
Yes, there is disagreement. Yes, there is disagreement. Some grammarians say the pronoun is the whole thing, so you say in "you two hit":
"Hit": a past tense verb, built on sukun, and "tama" is the doer. And some say no, the doer is the taa, and what follows it is a distinguishing mark, because you do not distinguish between "I hit" for yourself and "you two hit" for the dual except by the mimm and the alif. Good.
If we say that the mimm and the alif are a mark, we say the taa is the doer, built on dammah in the position of the nominative case, and the mimm and the alif are the mark of duality. Good.
"You (masculine plural) hit". For the group of males.
"And you (feminine plural) hit". For the group of females. How many pronouns have passed by you?
The student: Twelve.
The Shaykh : Seven. Good. "I hit" and "we hit" are for the speaker, and the rest are for the addressee. Five for the addressee. "I hit" and "we hit" are for the speaker, and five for whom? For the addressee, but either the addressee, or the addressee (feminine), or the two addressees, or the two addressees (feminine), or the addressees (masculine plural), or the addressees (feminine plural). He said:
"And he hit". "He hit," where is the pronoun?
The student: He.
The Shaykh : It is hidden. It is hidden for whom? "He hit" is for the singular absent person. For the singular absent person. The time is up. The rest will come, if Allah wills.
The Shaykh : And to his family and all his Companions.
The student: For tracking and induction.
The Shaykh : Here, and we say:
The student: For tracking and induction.
The Shaykh : In order to trace and inductively study, the scholars of grammar (may Allah have mercy on them) traced the pronouns and found that they do not exceed twelve pronouns.
"Such as when you say: I hit, we hit, you (masculine) hit, you (feminine) hit, you two (masculine) hit, you (masculine plural) hit, you (feminine plural) hit, he hit, she hit, the two of them hit, they (masculine) hit, and they (feminine) hit". Here.
The student: And "the two of them hit" with some.
The Shaykh : No, with us it is "he hit."
The student: Hit, the two of them hit.
The Shaykh : He hit and the two of them hit.
The student: No, there is no deficiency.
Another student: There is nothing.
The Shaykh : Let us look and count them: "Twelve, such as when you say: I hit, we hit, you (masculine) hit, you (feminine) hit, you two (masculine) hit, you (masculine plural) hit, you (feminine plural) hit, he hit, she hit, the two of them hit, they (masculine) hit, and they (feminine) hit".
The student: Twelve.
The Shaykh : Twelve. Good. Now let us look. He (may Allah have mercy on him) says:
"Twelve, such as when you say: I hit". The taa is the doer, but is it an explicit noun or a pronoun?
The student: Pronoun.
The Shaykh : It is a pronoun, a pronoun. So how do we parse "I hit"? We say: "Hit" is a past tense verb, built on sukun (stillness) because it is connected to a nominative pronoun. And according to the author's statement, "he hit" is a past tense verb, built on a presumed fathah (opening) on its end. Good. The taa is the doer. The taa is the doer, in the nominative case.
The student: No, it is built.
The Shaykh : We do not say it is in the nominative case.
The student: It is raised.
The Shaykh : No.
The student: In the nominative case…
The Shaykh : It is not in the nominative case. We say it is built on dammah (closing) in the position of the nominative case.
The student: In the nominative case…
The Shaykh : Yes, it is built on dammah in the position of the nominative case. You cannot say it is in the nominative case, meaning, do not make this dammah a dammah of inflection; this is a dammah of building. Therefore, we say it is built on dammah in the position of the nominative case. And "you (feminine) hit," yes.
"And we hit". "We hit," he says: "Hit" is a past tense verb, built on sukun, or built on a presumed fathah on its end, prevented from appearing. Yes, prevented from appearing due to suitability. Good. And "na" is the doer, in the nominative case.
The student: Constructed.
The Shaykh : Yes, it is built, built on sukun in the position of the nominative case. The difference between "I hit" and "we hit": "I hit" is for the speaker alone, and "we hit" is for the group, meaning the speaker and others with him, or for the one who magnifies himself, or for the one who magnifies himself. One might say, "We hit," and he is the one hitting alone, but he intends this for magnification. And whenever Allah attributes to Himself the pronoun in this form, the intended meaning is magnification.
And We did certainly create the heavens and earth and what is between them in six days, and there touched Us no weariness.
ولقد خلقنا السماوات والأرض وما بينهما في ستة أيام وما مسنا من لغوب"And you (masculine) hit". "You (masculine) hit" is for whom? For the masculine addressee, for the singular masculine addressee. "You (masculine) hit." Good.
"And you (feminine) hit". For the singular feminine addressee. The Arabs, glory be to Allah, because the man is higher than the woman, they made for him the upper movement, and because the woman is lower, they made for her the lower movement. Yes, and this is from the strange suitability, because men are stronger than women.
The student: It is the object.
The Shaykh : No. Some scholars say that all words are suitable for their meaning, but is that correct? Generally, it is so. You find, for example, the word "stone"; as soon as you say "stone," you feel dryness and hardness. Yes, but we do not know: is this feeling because we know that the stone is this stone, or is it a matter that indicates it? However, it is not consistent. Otherwise, we saw in the marginalia on the explanation of al-Tahrir, a summary of the principles, which we study during the day, that he said: "There is no word in the Arabic language but there is a suitability between it and its meaning". It must be so, but again, we do not know if this is by the original placement, or if a person, if he consults the stone, perhaps if he placed the stone on foam, we do not know if the foam becomes stone if he places it… Well, in any case, I say it is a literary suitability, either intentional or unintentional. Good.
"You (masculine) hit" is for the man, and "you (feminine) hit" is for the woman.
"And you two (masculine) hit". "You two (masculine) hit" is for the dual of masculine and feminine. "You two (masculine) hit" is for the dual of masculine and feminine. You say to two men, "You two hit," and you say to two women, "You two hit."
But what is the pronoun in "you two hit"? Is it the taa alone, and what follows it is a sign of duality, or is the pronoun the whole thing?
Yes, there is disagreement. Yes, there is disagreement. Some grammarians say the pronoun is the whole thing, so you say in "you two hit":
"Hit": a past tense verb, built on sukun, and "tama" is the doer. And some say no, the doer is the taa, and what follows it is a distinguishing mark, because you do not distinguish between "I hit" for yourself and "you two hit" for the dual except by the mimm and the alif. Good.
If we say that the mimm and the alif are a mark, we say the taa is the doer, built on dammah in the position of the nominative case, and the mimm and the alif are the mark of duality. Good.
"You (masculine plural) hit". For the group of males.
"And you (feminine plural) hit". For the group of females. How many pronouns have passed by you?
The student: Twelve.
The Shaykh : Seven. Good. "I hit" and "we hit" are for the speaker, and the rest are for the addressee. Five for the addressee. "I hit" and "we hit" are for the speaker, and five for whom? For the addressee, but either the addressee, or the addressee (feminine), or the two addressees, or the two addressees (feminine), or the addressees (masculine plural), or the addressees (feminine plural). He said:
"And he hit". "He hit," where is the pronoun?
The student: He.
The Shaykh : It is hidden. It is hidden for whom? "He hit" is for the singular absent person. For the singular absent person. The time is up. The rest will come, if Allah wills.
The Shaykh : And to his family and all his Companions.