Explanation of the author's (may Allah have mercy on him) statement: " . . .
Machine translationRead the Arabic original
The Shaykh : He said "And it is of two types", meaning the subject is of two types: "explicit and implied. So the explicit one is what was mentioned earlier", like "Zayd is standing, the two Zayds are standing, the Zayds are standing". This is the explicit one. And the implied ones are: "ana, nahnu, anta, anti, antuma, antum, antunna, huwa, hiya, humā, hum, and hunna". How many?
The student: Twelve.
The Shaykh : Twelve. Twelve implied pronouns. "Ana" is for the speaker alone. "Nahnu" is for the speaker and someone else with him, or for the Exalted One Himself. So if this word comes from Allah, there is no one else with Him.
The student: No.
The Shaykh : For the Exalted One Himself. For the Exalted One Himself. Good. And if it comes from a person speaking on behalf of two, then it is for the group.
"Anta" is for the masculine addressee. "Anti" is for the feminine addressee. "Antuma" is for the dual, whether masculine or feminine. "Antum" is for the group of males. Yes, the addressees.
"Antunna" is for the group of females being addressed. Good.
So, from "anta," "anti," "antuma," "antum," and "antunna," these are the five for the addressee.
He said: "And huwa" is for the masculine absent person.
It is " for the absent female
"And humā" is for the absent dual, whether masculine or feminine.
"And hum" is for the group of absent males.
"And hunna" is for the group of absent females.
Good. So, how many implied pronouns are there for the subject? Twelve. What is the evidence? The evidence is tracking and induction. The scholars of the Arabic language tracked the pronouns that occur as subjects and found that they do not exceed twelve pronouns. Good.
The examples. He said: "Such as 'I am standing'". "I am standing." The grammatical analysis:
"Ana": Subject, built on sukun (stillness) in the position of nominative case due to being a subject.
"Qa'im": The predicate of the subject, raised by the subject, and its sign of raising is a visible dammah (short vowel) at its end.
The second example: "We are standing". "We are standing."
"Nahnu": Subject, built on dammah in the position of nominative case due to being a subject.
"Qa'imun": The predicate of the subject, raised by the subject, and its sign of raising is the waw in place of the dammah because it is a sound masculine plural, and the nun is a substitute in the singular noun.
The author said: "And the like". We will take all of them. "And the like". What remains for us? Ten. "Anta," "anta" is standing. "Anta" is standing, O boy. How do we analyze it? We say:
"An": A separate nominative pronoun, built on sukun in the position of nominative case due to being a subject, and the taa is a letter of address.
And "qa'im": The predicate of the subject. Good.
The taa: The letter of address for the singular. Better to clarify: the taa is the letter of address for the singular.
And "qa'im": The predicate of the subject, raised by the subject, and its sign of raising is a visible dammah at its end. Good.
"Anti" is standing. "Anti" is standing. How is the analysis?
"An": A separate pronoun, built on sukun in the position of nominative case due to being a subject, and the taa is the letter of address for the singular female. The letter of address for the singular female.
"Qa'imah": The predicate of the subject, raised by the subject, and its sign of raising is a visible dammah at its end.
"Antuma" are standing. "Antuma" are standing (feminine). We say:
"An": A separate pronoun, built on sukun in the position of nominative case as a subject, and the taa is the letter of address, and the mimm and alif are the signs of dual.
And "qayman": The predicate of the subject, raised by the subject, and its sign of raising is the alif in place of the dammah because it is dual, and the nun is a substitute for the tanween in the singular noun.
"Antuma" are standing (feminine). We say regarding "antuma":
"An": A separate pronoun, built on sukun in the position of nominative case as a subject, and the taa is the letter of address, and the mimm and alif are the signs of dual.
And "qaymatan": The predicate of the subject, raised by the subject, and its sign of raising is the alif in place of the dammah because it is dual, and the nun is a substitute for the tanween in the singular noun. "Antum" are standing. This is for the sound masculine plural. We say regarding the analysis of "antum" what we said regarding the analysis of "antuma."
"An": A separate pronoun, built on sukun in the position of nominative case as a subject, and the taa is the letter of address, and the mimm is the sign of plural.
And "qaymun": The predicate of the subject, raised by the subject, and its sign of raising is a visible dammah at its end.
The student: The waw.
The Shaykh : Yes, its sign of raising is the waw in place of the dammah because it is a sound masculine plural, and the nun is a substitute for the tanween in the singular noun. Good. "Antum" are standing. "Antunna" are standing (feminine).
The student: Standing (feminine plural).
The Shaykh : Ah?
The student: Standing (feminine plural).
The Shaykh : "Antunna" are standing (feminine).
The student: Standing (feminine plural).
The Shaykh : Standing (feminine plural). Yes, it is the plural for women. Good.
"An": A separate pronoun, built on sukun in the position of nominative case as a subject, and the taa is the letter of address, and the nun is the sign of the plural for women.
"Qaymat": The predicate of the subject, raised by the subject, and its sign of raising is a visible dammah at its end.
"Huwa" is standing.
The haa: A separate pronoun, built on sukun in the position of... built on dammah in the position of nominative case.
The student: Built on dammah.
The Shaykh : All of it. Yes. Good.
"Huwa": A separate pronoun, built on fathah in the position of nominative case as a subject.
"Qa'im": The predicate of the subject, raised by the subject, and its sign of raising is a visible dammah at its end.
"Hiya" is standing. We say:
"Hiya": A separate pronoun, built on fathah in the position of nominative case as a subject.
And "qa'imah": The predicate of the subject, raised by the subject, and its sign of raising is a visible dammah at its end.
"Humā" are standing. "Humā" are standing (feminine). Meaning "humā" is suitable for both feminine and masculine. So we say:
"Humā": A separate pronoun, built on sukun in the position of nominative case as a subject.
And "qayman": What? The predicate of the subject, raised by the subject, and its sign of raising is the alif in place of the dammah because it is dual. And we say regarding "humā" are standing (feminine) what we said regarding "humā" are standing (masculine). Good.
"Hum" are standing.
"Hum": A separate pronoun, built on sukun in the position of nominative case as a subject. And "qaymun" is the predicate of the subject, raised by the subject, and its sign of raising is the waw in place of the dammah because it is a sound masculine plural.
"Hunna" are standing (feminine).
The student: Standing (feminine plural).
The Shaykh : Standing (feminine plural). Are you sure? Good.
"Hunna": A separate pronoun, built on fathah in the position of nominative case as a subject.
And "qaymat": The predicate of the subject, raised by the subject, and its sign of raising is a visible dammah at its end. Good. The summary: the definition of the subject, the definition of the predicate, the types of the subject.
Definition of the subject: It is the raised noun that is free from verbal particles.
Definition of the predicate: The raised noun that is attributed to it.
The types of the subject are explicit and implied. The explicit one is like "Zayd is standing" and "Umar is sitting" and the like.
And the implied ones are twelve: ana, nahnu, anta, anti, antuma, antum, antunna, huwa, hiya, humā, hum, and hunna. And Allah knows best.
The student: Twelve.
The Shaykh : Twelve. Twelve implied pronouns. "Ana" is for the speaker alone. "Nahnu" is for the speaker and someone else with him, or for the Exalted One Himself. So if this word comes from Allah, there is no one else with Him.
The student: No.
The Shaykh : For the Exalted One Himself. For the Exalted One Himself. Good. And if it comes from a person speaking on behalf of two, then it is for the group.
"Anta" is for the masculine addressee. "Anti" is for the feminine addressee. "Antuma" is for the dual, whether masculine or feminine. "Antum" is for the group of males. Yes, the addressees.
"Antunna" is for the group of females being addressed. Good.
So, from "anta," "anti," "antuma," "antum," and "antunna," these are the five for the addressee.
He said: "And huwa" is for the masculine absent person.
It is " for the absent female
"And humā" is for the absent dual, whether masculine or feminine.
"And hum" is for the group of absent males.
"And hunna" is for the group of absent females.
Good. So, how many implied pronouns are there for the subject? Twelve. What is the evidence? The evidence is tracking and induction. The scholars of the Arabic language tracked the pronouns that occur as subjects and found that they do not exceed twelve pronouns. Good.
The examples. He said: "Such as 'I am standing'". "I am standing." The grammatical analysis:
"Ana": Subject, built on sukun (stillness) in the position of nominative case due to being a subject.
"Qa'im": The predicate of the subject, raised by the subject, and its sign of raising is a visible dammah (short vowel) at its end.
The second example: "We are standing". "We are standing."
"Nahnu": Subject, built on dammah in the position of nominative case due to being a subject.
"Qa'imun": The predicate of the subject, raised by the subject, and its sign of raising is the waw in place of the dammah because it is a sound masculine plural, and the nun is a substitute in the singular noun.
The author said: "And the like". We will take all of them. "And the like". What remains for us? Ten. "Anta," "anta" is standing. "Anta" is standing, O boy. How do we analyze it? We say:
"An": A separate nominative pronoun, built on sukun in the position of nominative case due to being a subject, and the taa is a letter of address.
And "qa'im": The predicate of the subject. Good.
The taa: The letter of address for the singular. Better to clarify: the taa is the letter of address for the singular.
And "qa'im": The predicate of the subject, raised by the subject, and its sign of raising is a visible dammah at its end. Good.
"Anti" is standing. "Anti" is standing. How is the analysis?
"An": A separate pronoun, built on sukun in the position of nominative case due to being a subject, and the taa is the letter of address for the singular female. The letter of address for the singular female.
"Qa'imah": The predicate of the subject, raised by the subject, and its sign of raising is a visible dammah at its end.
"Antuma" are standing. "Antuma" are standing (feminine). We say:
"An": A separate pronoun, built on sukun in the position of nominative case as a subject, and the taa is the letter of address, and the mimm and alif are the signs of dual.
And "qayman": The predicate of the subject, raised by the subject, and its sign of raising is the alif in place of the dammah because it is dual, and the nun is a substitute for the tanween in the singular noun.
"Antuma" are standing (feminine). We say regarding "antuma":
"An": A separate pronoun, built on sukun in the position of nominative case as a subject, and the taa is the letter of address, and the mimm and alif are the signs of dual.
And "qaymatan": The predicate of the subject, raised by the subject, and its sign of raising is the alif in place of the dammah because it is dual, and the nun is a substitute for the tanween in the singular noun. "Antum" are standing. This is for the sound masculine plural. We say regarding the analysis of "antum" what we said regarding the analysis of "antuma."
"An": A separate pronoun, built on sukun in the position of nominative case as a subject, and the taa is the letter of address, and the mimm is the sign of plural.
And "qaymun": The predicate of the subject, raised by the subject, and its sign of raising is a visible dammah at its end.
The student: The waw.
The Shaykh : Yes, its sign of raising is the waw in place of the dammah because it is a sound masculine plural, and the nun is a substitute for the tanween in the singular noun. Good. "Antum" are standing. "Antunna" are standing (feminine).
The student: Standing (feminine plural).
The Shaykh : Ah?
The student: Standing (feminine plural).
The Shaykh : "Antunna" are standing (feminine).
The student: Standing (feminine plural).
The Shaykh : Standing (feminine plural). Yes, it is the plural for women. Good.
"An": A separate pronoun, built on sukun in the position of nominative case as a subject, and the taa is the letter of address, and the nun is the sign of the plural for women.
"Qaymat": The predicate of the subject, raised by the subject, and its sign of raising is a visible dammah at its end.
"Huwa" is standing.
The haa: A separate pronoun, built on sukun in the position of... built on dammah in the position of nominative case.
The student: Built on dammah.
The Shaykh : All of it. Yes. Good.
"Huwa": A separate pronoun, built on fathah in the position of nominative case as a subject.
"Qa'im": The predicate of the subject, raised by the subject, and its sign of raising is a visible dammah at its end.
"Hiya" is standing. We say:
"Hiya": A separate pronoun, built on fathah in the position of nominative case as a subject.
And "qa'imah": The predicate of the subject, raised by the subject, and its sign of raising is a visible dammah at its end.
"Humā" are standing. "Humā" are standing (feminine). Meaning "humā" is suitable for both feminine and masculine. So we say:
"Humā": A separate pronoun, built on sukun in the position of nominative case as a subject.
And "qayman": What? The predicate of the subject, raised by the subject, and its sign of raising is the alif in place of the dammah because it is dual. And we say regarding "humā" are standing (feminine) what we said regarding "humā" are standing (masculine). Good.
"Hum" are standing.
"Hum": A separate pronoun, built on sukun in the position of nominative case as a subject. And "qaymun" is the predicate of the subject, raised by the subject, and its sign of raising is the waw in place of the dammah because it is a sound masculine plural.
"Hunna" are standing (feminine).
The student: Standing (feminine plural).
The Shaykh : Standing (feminine plural). Are you sure? Good.
"Hunna": A separate pronoun, built on fathah in the position of nominative case as a subject.
And "qaymat": The predicate of the subject, raised by the subject, and its sign of raising is a visible dammah at its end. Good. The summary: the definition of the subject, the definition of the predicate, the types of the subject.
Definition of the subject: It is the raised noun that is free from verbal particles.
Definition of the predicate: The raised noun that is attributed to it.
The types of the subject are explicit and implied. The explicit one is like "Zayd is standing" and "Umar is sitting" and the like.
And the implied ones are twelve: ana, nahnu, anta, anti, antuma, antum, antunna, huwa, hiya, humā, hum, and hunna. And Allah knows best.