Explanation of the author's (may Allah have mercy on him) statement: " . . .
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The Shaykh :"The indefinite noun" he says "such as this, and this, and these" The indefinite noun includes two things; it includes two things.
The first thing is the demonstrative noun.
And the second thing is the relative pronoun; the relative pronoun.
So the demonstrative noun specifies its meaning by pointing, and the relative pronoun specifies its meaning by the connection. Both are indefinite; both are indefinite, because the person being addressed can imagine that you are pointing with your finger: "This is good."
"This, this is your bag." You point with your finger.
"These are students." You also point.
So the demonstrative noun specifies its meaning by what? By pointing. So "this" is no longer absolute; it has become specific by the pointing. So it is a definite noun. The relative pronoun specifies its meaning by the connection. So if I say,
"The one who came, we did not benefit from anything."
If you say "The one we love came," it becomes specific. Otherwise, it is not specific. It becomes specific by the word "we love," excluding everyone whom this speaker does not love. So the indefinite nouns are of two types: the first type is the demonstrative noun, and the second is the relative pronouns. Now, these are definite nouns, so they must be described by a definite noun. So you say,
"The one who came, the excellent one who understood the lesson." "The one who came, the excellent one who understood the lesson."
And you say, "The excellent one who understood the lesson came." The description follows the described in definiteness. Good.
What is the grammatical parsing of the demonstrative noun and the relative pronoun?
We say: The demonstrative noun and the relative pronoun are built (indeclinable); the signs of grammatical case do not appear on them unless they are dual. If they are dual, they are inflected (declinable). Do you understand? The demonstrative noun and the relative pronoun are built unless they are dual. If they are dual, they are inflected.
So you say, "The one who understood the lesson came."
And "I saw the one who understood the lesson."
And "I passed by the one who understood the lesson."
Now, a subject of nominative case, a subject of accusative case, and a subject of genitive case have entered it. Did it change? No. So it is built. And you say,
"I love those who contribute to good." "I love those who contribute to good." This is in the accusative case.
And you say, "Successful are those who contribute to good." What is this? It is in the nominative case. Nominative.
And you say, "I passed by the one who..." What? "Those who contribute to good."
The student: "By those."
The Shaykh : "By those." Correct. "I passed by those who contribute to good."
You find that "those" did not change; it did not change. So it is built; built. But some Arabs inflect it and make it nominative with the waw. From this is the saying of the poet: "We are those who faced the morning ***"
The student: "Al-ladhun."
The Shaykh : Yes
The student: "We are al-ladhun."
The Shaykh :"We are al-ladhun who faced the morning *** On the day of the palm trees, a persistent raid"
So he said "We are al-ladhun," but most Arabs say "We are al-ladhina" because it is built for them. Good.
"Al-lathi" and "al-lati" are also built. As for the dual, no; it is inflected because it changes with the different grammatical cases.
So you say, "The two who strive in good came."
And "I saw the two who strive in good."
And "I passed by the two who strive in good."
And from this is His saying, the Exalted:[An-Nisa 4:16] And the two who come to it from you. "Al-ladhani" is in the nominative case because it is the subject.
And His saying:[Fussilat 41:29] The two. Here it is in the accusative case with the ya, or otherwise with the alif.
The student: With the yaa
The Shaykh : With the ya. So it changes with the different grammatical cases. And everything that changes with the different grammatical cases is inflected, not built.
Likewise, the demonstrative noun. We say it is built, except for the dual, which is inflected.
So you say, "I saw this man."
And "This man came."
And "I passed by this man."
So "this" did not change. And you say,
"These are men." And you say,
"I honored these men."
And "I passed by these men."
So you find that "these" did not change. It is built on the kasrah. But the dual comes.
So Allah, the Exalted, says:[Al-Hajj 22:19] [Al-Hajj 22:19] What is this? With the alif.
And you say, "I honored these two men." "I honored these two men." What is this? It is in the accusative case. It was made accusative with the ya. So the dual of the demonstrative noun changes with the difference in
The student: "The movement."
The Shaykh : The grammatical cases. And every word that changes with the different grammatical cases is inflected, not built. Do you understand the difference now? What do you say about the demonstrative nouns and the relative pronouns? Are they inflected or built?
The student: Built.
The Shaykh : Built. How? Inflected. Built, except for the dual among them, which is inflected.
So if someone asks, "What is your evidence that it is built?" We say: Because it does not change with the different grammatical cases.
And what is your evidence that the dual is inflected? Because it changes. Here is our evidence: It changes with the different grammatical cases. Good.
He says: "And the noun containing the alif and lam" This is the fourth type of definite nouns: the noun containing the alif and lam. So every noun containing "al" is a definite noun. Every noun, whether it is singular, plural, masculine, or feminine, every noun containing "al" is what?
The student: Definite.
The Shaykh : It is a definite noun. Good. "The man."
The student: Definite.
The Shaykh : the woman
The student: Definite.
The Shaykh : the mosque
The student: Definite.
The Shaykh : The market.
The student: Definite.
The Shaykh : Good. Every noun containing "al" is a definite noun. For this reason, he said: "The one containing the alif and lam, such as: the man and the boy." "The man" is a definite noun; "the boy" is a definite noun. What made it a definite noun? "Al," because "al" entered it. So every noun that "al" enters is a definite noun. Yes, O Muhammad.
The student: "Definite."
The Shaykh : "Al." Good. How do you make "the book" a definite noun? "Book" is a definite noun.
The student: "You enter the alif and lam into it."
The Shaykh : You enter the alif and lam into it, so you say "the book." Yes. So "I bought a book." Good.
The student: Error
The Shaykh : How do we correct this phrase? "The good book." Make the described noun definite so that its description by a definite noun is correct. Another way to correct it:
"I bought a good book." So I remove "al" from "good" so that the description agrees with the described in indefiniteness. Clear, everyone? Good.
So, from the sections or types of definite nouns: every noun that the alif and lam enter. This is the rule. Good.
He says: "The fifth is what is added to one of these four" What is added to one of these four. The added noun comes before the added-to noun, or after it?
The student: "Before the added."
The Shaykh : Ah?
The student: "Before the added."
The Shaykh : The added noun comes before the added-to noun, or after it?
The student: "Before the added."
The Shaykh : Ah?
The student: "Before it."
The Shaykh : Before it. So if a definite noun precedes an indefinite noun, it makes it definite. Yes.
The student: Yes.
The Shaykh : If a definite noun precedes an indefinite noun, it makes it
The student: Definite.
The Shaykh : a valid, good definite noun. You say, “I bought a book”
The student: Error
The Shaykh : Why? "I bought a book." Correct. It is indefinite. Make "the book" definite. "I bought the school's book." Now it is a definite noun. So what is added to a definite noun is a definite noun.
The first thing is the demonstrative noun.
And the second thing is the relative pronoun; the relative pronoun.
So the demonstrative noun specifies its meaning by pointing, and the relative pronoun specifies its meaning by the connection. Both are indefinite; both are indefinite, because the person being addressed can imagine that you are pointing with your finger: "This is good."
"This, this is your bag." You point with your finger.
"These are students." You also point.
So the demonstrative noun specifies its meaning by what? By pointing. So "this" is no longer absolute; it has become specific by the pointing. So it is a definite noun. The relative pronoun specifies its meaning by the connection. So if I say,
"The one who came, we did not benefit from anything."
If you say "The one we love came," it becomes specific. Otherwise, it is not specific. It becomes specific by the word "we love," excluding everyone whom this speaker does not love. So the indefinite nouns are of two types: the first type is the demonstrative noun, and the second is the relative pronouns. Now, these are definite nouns, so they must be described by a definite noun. So you say,
"The one who came, the excellent one who understood the lesson." "The one who came, the excellent one who understood the lesson."
And you say, "The excellent one who understood the lesson came." The description follows the described in definiteness. Good.
What is the grammatical parsing of the demonstrative noun and the relative pronoun?
We say: The demonstrative noun and the relative pronoun are built (indeclinable); the signs of grammatical case do not appear on them unless they are dual. If they are dual, they are inflected (declinable). Do you understand? The demonstrative noun and the relative pronoun are built unless they are dual. If they are dual, they are inflected.
So you say, "The one who understood the lesson came."
And "I saw the one who understood the lesson."
And "I passed by the one who understood the lesson."
Now, a subject of nominative case, a subject of accusative case, and a subject of genitive case have entered it. Did it change? No. So it is built. And you say,
"I love those who contribute to good." "I love those who contribute to good." This is in the accusative case.
And you say, "Successful are those who contribute to good." What is this? It is in the nominative case. Nominative.
And you say, "I passed by the one who..." What? "Those who contribute to good."
The student: "By those."
The Shaykh : "By those." Correct. "I passed by those who contribute to good."
You find that "those" did not change; it did not change. So it is built; built. But some Arabs inflect it and make it nominative with the waw. From this is the saying of the poet: "We are those who faced the morning ***"
The student: "Al-ladhun."
The Shaykh : Yes
The student: "We are al-ladhun."
The Shaykh :"We are al-ladhun who faced the morning *** On the day of the palm trees, a persistent raid"
So he said "We are al-ladhun," but most Arabs say "We are al-ladhina" because it is built for them. Good.
"Al-lathi" and "al-lati" are also built. As for the dual, no; it is inflected because it changes with the different grammatical cases.
So you say, "The two who strive in good came."
And "I saw the two who strive in good."
And "I passed by the two who strive in good."
And from this is His saying, the Exalted:
And the two who commit it among you, dishonor them both
واللذان يأتيانها منكم فآذوهماAnd His saying:
Our Lord, show us those who misled us
ربنا أرنا اللذين أضلاناThe student: With the yaa
The Shaykh : With the ya. So it changes with the different grammatical cases. And everything that changes with the different grammatical cases is inflected, not built.
Likewise, the demonstrative noun. We say it is built, except for the dual, which is inflected.
So you say, "I saw this man."
And "This man came."
And "I passed by this man."
So "this" did not change. And you say,
"These are men." And you say,
"I honored these men."
And "I passed by these men."
So you find that "these" did not change. It is built on the kasrah. But the dual comes.
So Allah, the Exalted, says:
These are two adversaries who have disputed over their Lord
هذان خصمان اختصموا في ربهمThese are two adversaries who have disputed over their Lord
هذان خصمان اختصموا في ربهمAnd you say, "I honored these two men." "I honored these two men." What is this? It is in the accusative case. It was made accusative with the ya. So the dual of the demonstrative noun changes with the difference in
The student: "The movement."
The Shaykh : The grammatical cases. And every word that changes with the different grammatical cases is inflected, not built. Do you understand the difference now? What do you say about the demonstrative nouns and the relative pronouns? Are they inflected or built?
The student: Built.
The Shaykh : Built. How? Inflected. Built, except for the dual among them, which is inflected.
So if someone asks, "What is your evidence that it is built?" We say: Because it does not change with the different grammatical cases.
And what is your evidence that the dual is inflected? Because it changes. Here is our evidence: It changes with the different grammatical cases. Good.
He says: "And the noun containing the alif and lam" This is the fourth type of definite nouns: the noun containing the alif and lam. So every noun containing "al" is a definite noun. Every noun, whether it is singular, plural, masculine, or feminine, every noun containing "al" is what?
The student: Definite.
The Shaykh : It is a definite noun. Good. "The man."
The student: Definite.
The Shaykh : the woman
The student: Definite.
The Shaykh : the mosque
The student: Definite.
The Shaykh : The market.
The student: Definite.
The Shaykh : Good. Every noun containing "al" is a definite noun. For this reason, he said: "The one containing the alif and lam, such as: the man and the boy." "The man" is a definite noun; "the boy" is a definite noun. What made it a definite noun? "Al," because "al" entered it. So every noun that "al" enters is a definite noun. Yes, O Muhammad.
The student: "Definite."
The Shaykh : "Al." Good. How do you make "the book" a definite noun? "Book" is a definite noun.
The student: "You enter the alif and lam into it."
The Shaykh : You enter the alif and lam into it, so you say "the book." Yes. So "I bought a book." Good.
The student: Error
The Shaykh : How do we correct this phrase? "The good book." Make the described noun definite so that its description by a definite noun is correct. Another way to correct it:
"I bought a good book." So I remove "al" from "good" so that the description agrees with the described in indefiniteness. Clear, everyone? Good.
So, from the sections or types of definite nouns: every noun that the alif and lam enter. This is the rule. Good.
He says: "The fifth is what is added to one of these four" What is added to one of these four. The added noun comes before the added-to noun, or after it?
The student: "Before the added."
The Shaykh : Ah?
The student: "Before the added."
The Shaykh : The added noun comes before the added-to noun, or after it?
The student: "Before the added."
The Shaykh : Ah?
The student: "Before it."
The Shaykh : Before it. So if a definite noun precedes an indefinite noun, it makes it definite. Yes.
The student: Yes.
The Shaykh : If a definite noun precedes an indefinite noun, it makes it
The student: Definite.
The Shaykh : a valid, good definite noun. You say, “I bought a book”
The student: Error
The Shaykh : Why? "I bought a book." Correct. It is indefinite. Make "the book" definite. "I bought the school's book." Now it is a definite noun. So what is added to a definite noun is a definite noun.