A brief summary of what came before
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The Shaykh : Yes
In the name of Allah, the Most Gracious, the Most Merciful. All praise is due to Allah, Lord of the worlds, and may prayers and peace be upon our Prophet Muhammad, and upon his family and all his Companions.
The summary of what came before regarding exceptions is that the tools of exception fall into three categories: illa, ghayr and its sisters, and khala and its sisters, is that correct?
The student: Yes.
The Shaykh : As for illa, it is obligatory to put the word following it in the accusative case if the phrase preceding it is complete and affirmative. "Complete" means that the thing from which the exception is made is mentioned, and "affirmative" means that no negation or its equivalent precedes it. Now, if it is complete but not affirmative, meaning it is preceded by a negation or its equivalent, then there are two permissible options for the word following illa: the accusative case for the exception, or the case of the substitute (badal). The substitute follows the case of the word before it: if it is in the accusative, the substitute is in the accusative; if it is in the nominative, the substitute is in the nominative; and if it is in the genitive, the substitute is in the genitive. However, if the exception is disconnected, the accusative case is obligatory and the substitute is not permissible according to the language of the people of Hijaz. The accusative case is preferred, and the substitute is permissible according to the language of whom?
The student: Banu Tamim.
The Shaykh : Banu Tamim, yes. Now, the second category, meaning the third state of illa, is when the phrase is incomplete, which means the thing from which the exception is made is not mentioned. In that case, the word following illa is determined by the grammatical factors. How do we know it is determined by the grammatical factors? We say to imagine that illa does not exist. Imagine that illa does not exist, okay? Correct.
The student: Yes.
The Shaykh : Now, you say: "Ma qama illa Zaydun" (No one stood up except Zayd), and "Ma ra'aytu?" (I did not see?)
The student: Illa Zaydan (except Zayd).
The Shaykh : Illa Zaydan, and "Ma marrtu illa bi-Zayd" (I did not pass by except with Zayd). Because if you delete illa and say "Ma qama Zaydun," it becomes in the nominative case as the subject. If you say "Ma ra'aytu Zaydan," it becomes in the accusative case as the object. And if you say "Ma marrtu bi-Zayd," it becomes in the genitive case. The important point is that we imagine illa does not exist. This is the meaning of our saying "according to the grammatical factors." Now, the second category: ghayr and its sisters. What is the ruling for the word excepted by them?
The student: Always in the genitive case.
The Shaykh : Always in the genitive case. Their ruling is like the ruling of what comes after illa. Like the ruling of what?
The student: What comes after illa.
The Shaykh : What comes after illa. And what comes after illa is known, is it not? It is known, because we have referred to the rich (the comprehensive explanation). Now, the exception with khala and its sisters: if it is preceded by what?
The student: Its accusative case is determined.
The Shaykh : Its accusative case is determined. And if it is not preceded by it, then there are two permissible options: the accusative case and the genitive case. If you put it in the accusative, they are two verbs. If you put it in the genitive, they are two prepositions. Is that clear? Now, is that clear, Abdullah?
The student: It is clear.
The Shaykh : Clear.
In the name of Allah, the Most Gracious, the Most Merciful. All praise is due to Allah, Lord of the worlds, and may prayers and peace be upon our Prophet Muhammad, and upon his family and all his Companions.
The summary of what came before regarding exceptions is that the tools of exception fall into three categories: illa, ghayr and its sisters, and khala and its sisters, is that correct?
The student: Yes.
The Shaykh : As for illa, it is obligatory to put the word following it in the accusative case if the phrase preceding it is complete and affirmative. "Complete" means that the thing from which the exception is made is mentioned, and "affirmative" means that no negation or its equivalent precedes it. Now, if it is complete but not affirmative, meaning it is preceded by a negation or its equivalent, then there are two permissible options for the word following illa: the accusative case for the exception, or the case of the substitute (badal). The substitute follows the case of the word before it: if it is in the accusative, the substitute is in the accusative; if it is in the nominative, the substitute is in the nominative; and if it is in the genitive, the substitute is in the genitive. However, if the exception is disconnected, the accusative case is obligatory and the substitute is not permissible according to the language of the people of Hijaz. The accusative case is preferred, and the substitute is permissible according to the language of whom?
The student: Banu Tamim.
The Shaykh : Banu Tamim, yes. Now, the second category, meaning the third state of illa, is when the phrase is incomplete, which means the thing from which the exception is made is not mentioned. In that case, the word following illa is determined by the grammatical factors. How do we know it is determined by the grammatical factors? We say to imagine that illa does not exist. Imagine that illa does not exist, okay? Correct.
The student: Yes.
The Shaykh : Now, you say: "Ma qama illa Zaydun" (No one stood up except Zayd), and "Ma ra'aytu?" (I did not see?)
The student: Illa Zaydan (except Zayd).
The Shaykh : Illa Zaydan, and "Ma marrtu illa bi-Zayd" (I did not pass by except with Zayd). Because if you delete illa and say "Ma qama Zaydun," it becomes in the nominative case as the subject. If you say "Ma ra'aytu Zaydan," it becomes in the accusative case as the object. And if you say "Ma marrtu bi-Zayd," it becomes in the genitive case. The important point is that we imagine illa does not exist. This is the meaning of our saying "according to the grammatical factors." Now, the second category: ghayr and its sisters. What is the ruling for the word excepted by them?
The student: Always in the genitive case.
The Shaykh : Always in the genitive case. Their ruling is like the ruling of what comes after illa. Like the ruling of what?
The student: What comes after illa.
The Shaykh : What comes after illa. And what comes after illa is known, is it not? It is known, because we have referred to the rich (the comprehensive explanation). Now, the exception with khala and its sisters: if it is preceded by what?
The student: Its accusative case is determined.
The Shaykh : Its accusative case is determined. And if it is not preceded by it, then there are two permissible options: the accusative case and the genitive case. If you put it in the accusative, they are two verbs. If you put it in the genitive, they are two prepositions. Is that clear? Now, is that clear, Abdullah?
The student: It is clear.
The Shaykh : Clear.