Explanation of the author's (may Allah have mercy on him) statement: "… and the excluded party by *ghayr*, *siwa*, *siwa*, and *sawa'* is in the genitive case, and nothing else."
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The Shaykh : We now begin with the excluded party by *ghayr*, *siwa*, *siwa*, and *sawa'*. How many are these?
The student: Four.
The Shaykh : Four, four tools. He says: "in the genitive case, and nothing else", meaning it is in the genitive case and nothing else is permissible for it; it is in the genitive case and nothing else is permissible for it. This is the excluded party by these four tools. And these four tools are all nouns; nouns, meaning they are not particles or verbs, but rather nouns. However, their ruling is the same as the ruling for the excluded party by *illa*. Write this down: the excluded party by them is always in the genitive case, whereas their ruling is the ruling of the excluded party by *illa*. If preceded by a complete affirmative sentence, the accusative case is obligatory for them. If preceded by a complete sentence accompanied by negation or its like, both options are permissible: the nominative case as a substitute and the accusative case as an exception. If preceded by an incomplete sentence, they follow the factors of the sentence. Is that clear?
The student: It is clear.
The Shaykh : Okay, if I say: "The people stood up, except Zayd"?
The student: Correct.
The Shaykh : "The people stood up, except Zayd"?
The Shaykh : Correct. Is any other option permissible? No, because the sentence is?
The student: A complete affirmative sentence.
The Shaykh : A complete affirmative sentence, so you say: "The people stood up, except Zayd." Okay, "The people did not stand up, except Zayd." Who is the one whose case is determined by the factor?
The student: Both options are permissible.
The Shaykh : Here, what is permissible for it?
The student: Both options.
The Shaykh : Both?
The student: The nominative case as a substitute, and the accusative case as an exception.
The Shaykh : The nominative case as a substitute, and the accusative case as an exception. So you say: "The people did not stand up, except Zayd" (nominative), and you say: "The people did not stand up, except Zayd" (accusative). Is that clear? Okay, and if I say: "No one stood up except Zayd"? What do I say?
The student: *Ghayru* (nominative).
The Shaykh : The nominative case is obligatory, because this first sentence is incomplete, so it follows the factors of the sentence. Thus, the excluded party by *ghayr*, *siwa*, *siwa*, and *sawa'* is in the genitive case and nothing else, as the author said. As for these tools, their ruling is the ruling of the excluded party by what?
The student: By *illa*.
The Shaykh : By *illa*. If it is from a complete affirmative sentence, the accusative case is obligatory and nothing else. If it is from an incomplete sentence, it follows the factors of the sentence and nothing else. If it is from a complete sentence accompanied by negation or its like, both options are permissible: the accusative case as an exception and the nominative case as a substitute. I think it is clear, if Allah wills? Okay, five tools have passed us by, I think. Have five tools passed us by?
The student: Yes, five tools.
The Shaykh : *Illa*, and *ghayr*, and *siwa*, and *siwa*, and *sawa'*.
The student: Four.
The Shaykh : Four, four tools. He says: "in the genitive case, and nothing else", meaning it is in the genitive case and nothing else is permissible for it; it is in the genitive case and nothing else is permissible for it. This is the excluded party by these four tools. And these four tools are all nouns; nouns, meaning they are not particles or verbs, but rather nouns. However, their ruling is the same as the ruling for the excluded party by *illa*. Write this down: the excluded party by them is always in the genitive case, whereas their ruling is the ruling of the excluded party by *illa*. If preceded by a complete affirmative sentence, the accusative case is obligatory for them. If preceded by a complete sentence accompanied by negation or its like, both options are permissible: the nominative case as a substitute and the accusative case as an exception. If preceded by an incomplete sentence, they follow the factors of the sentence. Is that clear?
The student: It is clear.
The Shaykh : Okay, if I say: "The people stood up, except Zayd"?
The student: Correct.
The Shaykh : "The people stood up, except Zayd"?
The Shaykh : Correct. Is any other option permissible? No, because the sentence is?
The student: A complete affirmative sentence.
The Shaykh : A complete affirmative sentence, so you say: "The people stood up, except Zayd." Okay, "The people did not stand up, except Zayd." Who is the one whose case is determined by the factor?
The student: Both options are permissible.
The Shaykh : Here, what is permissible for it?
The student: Both options.
The Shaykh : Both?
The student: The nominative case as a substitute, and the accusative case as an exception.
The Shaykh : The nominative case as a substitute, and the accusative case as an exception. So you say: "The people did not stand up, except Zayd" (nominative), and you say: "The people did not stand up, except Zayd" (accusative). Is that clear? Okay, and if I say: "No one stood up except Zayd"? What do I say?
The student: *Ghayru* (nominative).
The Shaykh : The nominative case is obligatory, because this first sentence is incomplete, so it follows the factors of the sentence. Thus, the excluded party by *ghayr*, *siwa*, *siwa*, and *sawa'* is in the genitive case and nothing else, as the author said. As for these tools, their ruling is the ruling of the excluded party by what?
The student: By *illa*.
The Shaykh : By *illa*. If it is from a complete affirmative sentence, the accusative case is obligatory and nothing else. If it is from an incomplete sentence, it follows the factors of the sentence and nothing else. If it is from a complete sentence accompanied by negation or its like, both options are permissible: the accusative case as an exception and the nominative case as a substitute. I think it is clear, if Allah wills? Okay, five tools have passed us by, I think. Have five tools passed us by?
The student: Yes, five tools.
The Shaykh : *Illa*, and *ghayr*, and *siwa*, and *siwa*, and *sawa'*.