The ma'mum has the choice
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Question: If the imam says the closing salam and he has a deficiency in the prayer, and there is a ma'mum who stands up to make up what he missed of the prayer, and the imam becomes aware of the deficiency and stands up to complete what was missing from the prayer, and the ma'mum has prayed one rak'ah and has one rak'ah remaining, does the ma'mum join the imam again, or does he continue and make up what he missed of the prayer? And does he have to perform the prostration for forgetfulness or not?
Answer: If the imam says the salam and the masbuq stands up to perform what he missed, and then the imam remembers that he has a deficiency in the prayer and stands up to complete it, then the ma'mum has the choice at that time: either to proceed on his own, separate from the imam, and complete the prayer, or to join the imam and follow him in what remains. He has the choice between the two, and Allah the Exalted knows best.
Question: Even if we assume that he prayed one of the rak'ahs that he missed, is it permissible for him to join the imam after that?
Answer: There is no harm in that. For example, if the imam said the salam after two rak'ahs of a four-rak'ah prayer, and the ma'mum stood up, and the ma'mum, for instance, missed three rak'ahs, and he caught up with the imam for one rak'ah, and the imam stood up while the masbuq ma'mum had, for example, prayed one or two of the rak'ahs he missed and has one rak'ah remaining, and then the imam stands up to complete the prayer, he joins him in what remains. And if what remains is equal to what he missed or less than it, he may join him and follow him in the prayer.
Question: If he does not join him, does he have to perform the prostration for forgetfulness when he completes the prayer?
Answer: Yes, he has to perform the prostration for forgetfulness because he did not follow his imam.
Answer: If the imam says the salam and the masbuq stands up to perform what he missed, and then the imam remembers that he has a deficiency in the prayer and stands up to complete it, then the ma'mum has the choice at that time: either to proceed on his own, separate from the imam, and complete the prayer, or to join the imam and follow him in what remains. He has the choice between the two, and Allah the Exalted knows best.
Question: Even if we assume that he prayed one of the rak'ahs that he missed, is it permissible for him to join the imam after that?
Answer: There is no harm in that. For example, if the imam said the salam after two rak'ahs of a four-rak'ah prayer, and the ma'mum stood up, and the ma'mum, for instance, missed three rak'ahs, and he caught up with the imam for one rak'ah, and the imam stood up while the masbuq ma'mum had, for example, prayed one or two of the rak'ahs he missed and has one rak'ah remaining, and then the imam stands up to complete the prayer, he joins him in what remains. And if what remains is equal to what he missed or less than it, he may join him and follow him in the prayer.
Question: If he does not join him, does he have to perform the prostration for forgetfulness when he completes the prayer?
Answer: Yes, he has to perform the prostration for forgetfulness because he did not follow his imam.