Establishing the Month by Sighting the Crescent or Completing the Count

Question: By what is the entry into the month of Ramadan established? And how is the crescent moon identified?

Answer: In the name of Allah, the Most Gracious, the Most Merciful. All praise is due to Allah, and may Allah send prayers and blessings upon the Messenger of Allah, upon his family and companions, and upon those who follow his guidance.
After that: The crescent of Ramadan is established by sighting according to all scholars; based on the saying of the Prophet (peace and blessings be upon him): In another wording: . In another wording: .
The point is that one fasts by sighting and breaks the fast by sighting. If it is not seen, it is obligatory to complete Sha'ban to thirty days, and then they fast. It is obligatory to complete Ramadan to thirty days, and then they break the fast, if the sighting does not occur. However, if the sighting is established, praise be to Allah.
So it is obligatory for Muslims to fast by sighting; the sighting of the crescent of Ramadan on the night of the thirtieth of Sha'ban, and Sha'ban becomes deficient and they fast. Likewise, if they see the crescent on the night of the thirtieth of Ramadan, they break the fast for twenty-nine days. But if they do not see the crescent, they complete Sha'ban to thirty days and complete Ramadan to thirty days; acting in accordance with the hadiths: This text covers both Sha'ban and Ramadan. In another wording: .
The crescent is established by one witness for entering Ramadan, a just witness according to the majority of scholars; based on what is established from Ibn 'Umar (may Allah be pleased with him and his brother) who said: , and based on what is established from the Messenger (peace and blessings be upon him) that a Bedouin testified before him that he saw the crescent, so he (peace and blessings be upon him) said: He said: Yes, so he ordered fasting.
So if a just person sees the crescent for entering [the month], fasting is obligatory based on it. As for exiting [the month], two just witnesses are necessary. Likewise, the remaining months are not established except by the testimony of two just witnesses; because it is established from the Prophet (peace and blessings be upon him) that he said: And it is established from al-Harith ibn Hatab (may Allah have mercy on him) that he said: "The Messenger of Allah (peace and blessings be upon him) entrusted us to sacrifice based on sighting, and if we do not see it and two just witnesses testify, we sacrifice based on their testimony."
The point is that the testimony of two just witnesses is necessary for exiting [the month] and for all the months. As for Ramadan, for entering [the month], the testimony of one just witness is sufficient due to the two previous hadiths.
The scholars differed regarding whether a woman's testimony is accepted for entering [the month] like a man's? There are two opinions:
Some of them accept it, just as her narration is accepted in the noble hadith, if she is trustworthy.
And some of them do not accept it. The stronger opinion is not accepting it in this matter; because this position is a position for men and is specific to men, and men observe it, and because they are more knowledgeable about this matter and more familiar with it.