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The Shaykh : First, the previous chapter, my brothers. Declension and construction are the foundation of the entire science of grammar. The chapter on declension and construction is, in reality, grammar itself, because through it you know the markers of the nominative case. The original marker of the nominative is one: the dammah. All nouns in the nominative case are marked with the dammah, and the waw, alif, and nun serve as substitutes for it. Is that correct, or not? The waw, alif, and nun do not substitute for it; rather, the alif and waw substitute for it in two places. What are they, O Abdullah?
The student: The sound masculine plural and the six names.
The Shaykh : Yes, the sound masculine plural and the six names. These are marked in the nominative case with the waw. The six names are Muhammad.
The student: Ab, Akh, Ham, Dhu, and Han.
The Shaykh : Ab, Akh, Ham, Dhu, and Han. These are five.
The student: And Fu.
The Shaykh : Fu is correct. Fu means the mouth. Good.
The sound masculine plural is what is formed by adding a waw and nun, or a ya and nun, to the singular. This is the sound masculine plural: what is formed by adding a waw and nun, or a ya and nun, to the singular. Muslim; add a waw and nun: Muslimun. This is the sound masculine plural, marked in the nominative case with the waw. The second marker of declension is the fathah, which is the marker for what? The accusative case. Every noun in the accusative case is marked with the fathah, and the alif, ya, and deletion of the nun serve as substitutes for it.
The student: And the kasrah.
The Shaykh : And the kasrah. Four things serve as substitutes for it.
The student: ... .
The Shaykh : How?
The student: ... .
The Shaykh : Why?
The student: ... .
The Shaykh : Nothing serves as a substitute for the fathah. Yes, good. Four things serve as substitutes for it, correct. The alif serves as a substitute in which chapter? In one chapter, and that is, O Abdullah.
The student: The six names.
The Shaykh : The six names. The ya serves as a substitute in.
The student: The sound masculine plural and the dual.
The Shaykh : That is, in two chapters: the sound masculine plural and the dual. The kasrah serves as a substitute in.
The student: In the sound feminine plural.
The Shaykh : In the sound feminine plural, that is, in one chapter: the sound feminine plural. Good. The deletion of the nun serves as a substitute in.
The student: In the five verbs.
The Shaykh : Those that are marked in the nominative case by the presence of the nun, correct. Good. The kasrah has an original marker, glory be to Allah. The genitive case has an original marker, which is the kasrah, and what serves as a substitute for it is.
The student: ... and the deletion of the nun, and.
The Shaykh : ... O Shaykh.
The student: What serves as a substitute for the kasrah.
The Shaykh : Yes, exactly.
The student: The alif serves as a substitute for the kasrah.
The Shaykh : The alif.
The student: Yes. The alif, like "Aba."
The Shaykh : You say, "I passed by your father," you say, "I passed by your father."
The student: ... by your father.
The Shaykh : I am asking, what serves as a substitute for the kasrah, O Shaykh, you?
The student: The ya, the fathah, and the deletion of the nun.
The Shaykh : Yes.
The student: The ya.
The Shaykh : The ya and the fathah.
The student: The ya.
The Shaykh : The ya and the fathah. Is there anything else?
The student: No.
The Shaykh : Good. The ya serves as a substitute in how many chapters? Ashraf. In how many chapters? Good, say whatever you want.
The student: The sound masculine plural.
The Shaykh : Ah.
The student: ... .
The Shaykh : Yes.
The student: The dual.
The Shaykh : And in the dual. In the dual. These are three chapters: in the dual, the sound masculine plural, and the six names. Good. The kasrah serves as a substitute in.
The student: The fathah.
The Shaykh : The fathah. The fathah. Come on, Abu Ali, in how many chapters does the fathah serve as a substitute for the kasrah?
The student: The sound feminine plural.
The Shaykh : They say: Is it a case, or is it Abu Hasan? He has Abdullah.
The student: In one chapter.
The Shaykh : In one chapter: the name that does not decline. And what remains for us of the markers of declension?
The student: Sukun.
The Shaykh : Sukun is the marker for the jussive case. Does anything else serve as a substitute for the sukun?
The student: Deletion of the weak letter.
The Shaykh : Deletion of the weak letter in the defective noun only. Muhammad.
The student: Deletion of the nun.
The Shaykh : In.
The student: The five verbs.
The Shaykh : In the five verbs, and other.
The student: ...
The Shaykh : There is nothing. Like this or not? With this, you have covered the entire chapter. This covers the entire chapter in this manner. Then the vowel movements appear on every sound noun and are estimated on every defective noun. For the defective noun ending in alif, all vowel movements are estimated on it. For the defective noun ending in ya, the vowel movements are estimated on it except the fathah. For the defective noun ending in waw, like the defective noun ending in ya, all vowel movements are estimated on it except, except the fathah. Good. The author says, Ibn Malik:
"And make the nun for the like of 'yaf'alan' *** a marker of the nominative, and 'tad'ayna' and 'tasa'una'"
This verse includes the five verbs. How do we address this, Mansur?
The student: ... .
The Shaykh : Yes.
The student: It is marked in the nominative case with the dammah.
The Shaykh : I did not understand the question. Someone else understood it.
The student: "Yaf'alan" is a reference to the alif of the dual, a present tense verb.
The Shaykh : How many forms does it have?
The student: Three forms.
The Shaykh : How?
The student: "And make the nun for the like of 'yaf'alan'".
The Shaykh : How many forms does the alif of the dual have?
The student: One.
The Shaykh : One. There is no god but Allah. Is it extra or deficient?
The student: How many forms.
The Shaykh : Yes, how many forms does the alif of the dual have?
The student: How many forms does the present tense verb with the alif of the dual have?
The Shaykh : Yes, exactly.
The student: Two forms: "taf'alan" and "yaf'alan."
The Shaykh : Well done. Two forms, and they are "taf'alan" and "yaf'alan." That is why he said "for the like of 'yaf'alan'" and did not say "for 'lif'alan'." Good. "Tad'ayna," how many forms does it have? Salama, how many forms does "tad'ayna" have?
The student: "Tad'ayna."
The Shaykh : Yes.
The student: One form.
The Shaykh : One form, correct. There is only one form. Yes. The ya of address has only one form. "Tasa'una."
The student: Two forms.
The Shaykh : Two forms, and they are.
The student: Two forms.
The Shaykh : "Tasa'una" and "yas'aluna." So these five verbs are these, gathered in one verse.
"And make the nun for the like of 'yaf'alan' *** a marker of the nominative, and 'tad'ayna' and 'tasa'una'"
Perfect. What is the marker of the accusative and jussive cases in these five verbs? Your name. Yes, your name.
The student: Ali.
The Shaykh : You are Ali, not the one behind you. The one next to you. Ah.
The student: ... .
Another student: He says, "I do not understand the five verbs."
The Shaykh : I did not understand. Well, good. Deletion of the nun, an example.
The student: "Lan ta'mala," "Lan ta'mala" except for good.
The Shaykh : "Lan" is for the accusative case. "Lan taf'ala" except for good, correct. That means the five verbs are marked in the accusative case by the deletion of the nun, like "Lan ta'mala" except for good.
The student:[Ali 'Imran 3:92].
The Shaykh : Correct.[Ali 'Imran 3:92] Two examples. These have two examples: "Lan tanalu" and "hatta tufiqu." Which one do you want? Here.
The student: "Lan tanalu."
The Shaykh : But... mention another one. Good. An example of the jussive case, brother.
The student: "Lam ya'kul Muhammad."
The Shaykh : What?
The student: "Lam ya'kul Muhammad."
The Shaykh : No, it is not one of the five verbs, meaning Muhammad is singular.
The student: "Lam ya'kul al-tullab."
The Shaykh : This is not correct except in a weak dialect, which is the dialect of "Akaluhu al-buragith." Abdullah, "Lam" what?
The student: ... .
The Shaykh : What? Yes. Muhammad and Abdullah. Here, let Abdullah say, "Lam yaktuba al-dars." Like this, good. Correct. The ya of address is marked in the nominative, accusative, and jussive cases. Musa... in the five verbs, in the five verbs, it is marked in the nominative, accusative, and jussive cases.
The student: ... .
The Shaykh : It is marfu'.
The student: ... .
The Shaykh : Zaki.
The student: You address a single woman and say: "You eat the bread."
The Shaykh : You address a woman and say: "You eat the bread." Notice, what Allah wills, how much politeness is in Zaki. He said: "You address a single woman." If he said, "Example: You eat the bread," who is he addressing? He is addressing the questioner. He is addressing the questioner. But if he said: "You say to the one being addressed," this would involve a type of politeness. Good. She eats what?
The student: I say to her: "Do not eat."
The Shaykh : No, what?
The student: I say: "Do not eat the bitter thing." No, "Do not eat the bitter thing."
The Shaykh : "Do not eat the bitter thing," even if it were a son. Good. And the accusative case.
The student: The accusative case.
The Shaykh : Yes, exactly.
The student: The accusative case. "Lan ta'kuli al-marr."
The Shaykh : "Lan ta'kuli al-marr," correct. He says:
A slave girl did not eat the thick soup and did not taste the pistachios from the legumes. A slave girl did not eat the thick soup and did not taste the pistachios from the legumes.
The grammarians brought this as evidence for what? Or did you not get it? "And did not taste the pistachios from the legumes," Mansur.
The student: ... .
The Shaykh : Yes. They brought it as evidence for the substitution. Yes. "Did not eat the pistachios" is a substitute for "the legumes." And similarly, Allah the Exalted said:[Az-Zukhruf 43:60] From you, you, or a substitute for you? A substitute for you, because if Allah had made angels, they would not be from us. Good. The name that does not decline. We mentioned that the name that does not decline has a rule. We mentioned that the name that does not decline has a rule, and it is.
The student: ... .
The Shaykh : How?
The student: When it enters... .
The Shaykh : No, no, no.
The student: The sound masculine plural and the six names.
The Shaykh : Yes, the sound masculine plural and the six names. These are marked in the nominative case with the waw. The six names are Muhammad.
The student: Ab, Akh, Ham, Dhu, and Han.
The Shaykh : Ab, Akh, Ham, Dhu, and Han. These are five.
The student: And Fu.
The Shaykh : Fu is correct. Fu means the mouth. Good.
The sound masculine plural is what is formed by adding a waw and nun, or a ya and nun, to the singular. This is the sound masculine plural: what is formed by adding a waw and nun, or a ya and nun, to the singular. Muslim; add a waw and nun: Muslimun. This is the sound masculine plural, marked in the nominative case with the waw. The second marker of declension is the fathah, which is the marker for what? The accusative case. Every noun in the accusative case is marked with the fathah, and the alif, ya, and deletion of the nun serve as substitutes for it.
The student: And the kasrah.
The Shaykh : And the kasrah. Four things serve as substitutes for it.
The student: ... .
The Shaykh : How?
The student: ... .
The Shaykh : Why?
The student: ... .
The Shaykh : Nothing serves as a substitute for the fathah.
and you will not
ولن تفعلواThe student: The six names.
The Shaykh : The six names. The ya serves as a substitute in.
The student: The sound masculine plural and the dual.
The Shaykh : That is, in two chapters: the sound masculine plural and the dual. The kasrah serves as a substitute in.
The student: In the sound feminine plural.
The Shaykh : In the sound feminine plural, that is, in one chapter: the sound feminine plural. Good. The deletion of the nun serves as a substitute in.
The student: In the five verbs.
The Shaykh : Those that are marked in the nominative case by the presence of the nun, correct. Good. The kasrah has an original marker, glory be to Allah. The genitive case has an original marker, which is the kasrah, and what serves as a substitute for it is.
The student: ... and the deletion of the nun, and.
The Shaykh : ... O Shaykh.
The student: What serves as a substitute for the kasrah.
The Shaykh : Yes, exactly.
The student: The alif serves as a substitute for the kasrah.
The Shaykh : The alif.
The student: Yes. The alif, like "Aba."
The Shaykh : You say, "I passed by your father," you say, "I passed by your father."
The student: ... by your father.
The Shaykh : I am asking, what serves as a substitute for the kasrah, O Shaykh, you?
The student: The ya, the fathah, and the deletion of the nun.
The Shaykh : Yes.
The student: The ya.
The Shaykh : The ya and the fathah.
The student: The ya.
The Shaykh : The ya and the fathah. Is there anything else?
The student: No.
The Shaykh : Good. The ya serves as a substitute in how many chapters? Ashraf. In how many chapters? Good, say whatever you want.
The student: The sound masculine plural.
The Shaykh : Ah.
The student: ... .
The Shaykh : Yes.
The student: The dual.
The Shaykh : And in the dual. In the dual. These are three chapters: in the dual, the sound masculine plural, and the six names. Good. The kasrah serves as a substitute in.
The student: The fathah.
The Shaykh : The fathah. The fathah. Come on, Abu Ali, in how many chapters does the fathah serve as a substitute for the kasrah?
The student: The sound feminine plural.
The Shaykh : They say: Is it a case, or is it Abu Hasan? He has Abdullah.
The student: In one chapter.
The Shaykh : In one chapter: the name that does not decline. And what remains for us of the markers of declension?
The student: Sukun.
The Shaykh : Sukun is the marker for the jussive case. Does anything else serve as a substitute for the sukun?
The student: Deletion of the weak letter.
The Shaykh : Deletion of the weak letter in the defective noun only. Muhammad.
The student: Deletion of the nun.
The Shaykh : In.
The student: The five verbs.
The Shaykh : In the five verbs, and other.
The student: ...
The Shaykh : There is nothing. Like this or not? With this, you have covered the entire chapter. This covers the entire chapter in this manner. Then the vowel movements appear on every sound noun and are estimated on every defective noun. For the defective noun ending in alif, all vowel movements are estimated on it. For the defective noun ending in ya, the vowel movements are estimated on it except the fathah. For the defective noun ending in waw, like the defective noun ending in ya, all vowel movements are estimated on it except, except the fathah. Good. The author says, Ibn Malik:
"And make the nun for the like of 'yaf'alan' *** a marker of the nominative, and 'tad'ayna' and 'tasa'una'"
This verse includes the five verbs. How do we address this, Mansur?
The student: ... .
The Shaykh : Yes.
The student: It is marked in the nominative case with the dammah.
The Shaykh : I did not understand the question. Someone else understood it.
The student: "Yaf'alan" is a reference to the alif of the dual, a present tense verb.
The Shaykh : How many forms does it have?
The student: Three forms.
The Shaykh : How?
The student: "And make the nun for the like of 'yaf'alan'".
The Shaykh : How many forms does the alif of the dual have?
The student: One.
The Shaykh : One. There is no god but Allah. Is it extra or deficient?
The student: How many forms.
The Shaykh : Yes, how many forms does the alif of the dual have?
The student: How many forms does the present tense verb with the alif of the dual have?
The Shaykh : Yes, exactly.
The student: Two forms: "taf'alan" and "yaf'alan."
The Shaykh : Well done. Two forms, and they are "taf'alan" and "yaf'alan." That is why he said "for the like of 'yaf'alan'" and did not say "for 'lif'alan'." Good. "Tad'ayna," how many forms does it have? Salama, how many forms does "tad'ayna" have?
The student: "Tad'ayna."
The Shaykh : Yes.
The student: One form.
The Shaykh : One form, correct. There is only one form. Yes. The ya of address has only one form. "Tasa'una."
The student: Two forms.
The Shaykh : Two forms, and they are.
The student: Two forms.
The Shaykh : "Tasa'una" and "yas'aluna." So these five verbs are these, gathered in one verse.
"And make the nun for the like of 'yaf'alan' *** a marker of the nominative, and 'tad'ayna' and 'tasa'una'"
Perfect. What is the marker of the accusative and jussive cases in these five verbs? Your name. Yes, your name.
The student: Ali.
The Shaykh : You are Ali, not the one behind you. The one next to you. Ah.
The student: ... .
Another student: He says, "I do not understand the five verbs."
The Shaykh : I did not understand. Well, good. Deletion of the nun, an example.
The student: "Lan ta'mala," "Lan ta'mala" except for good.
The Shaykh : "Lan" is for the accusative case. "Lan taf'ala" except for good, correct. That means the five verbs are marked in the accusative case by the deletion of the nun, like "Lan ta'mala" except for good.
The student:
Never will you attain the good [reward] until you spend [in the way of Allah] from that which you love
لن تنالوا البر حتى تنفقوا مما تحبونThe Shaykh : Correct.
Never will you attain the good [reward] until you spend
لن تنالوا البر حتى تنفقواThe student: "Lan tanalu."
The Shaykh : But... mention another one. Good. An example of the jussive case, brother.
The student: "Lam ya'kul Muhammad."
The Shaykh : What?
The student: "Lam ya'kul Muhammad."
The Shaykh : No, it is not one of the five verbs, meaning Muhammad is singular.
The student: "Lam ya'kul al-tullab."
The Shaykh : This is not correct except in a weak dialect, which is the dialect of "Akaluhu al-buragith." Abdullah, "Lam" what?
The student: ... .
The Shaykh : What? Yes. Muhammad and Abdullah. Here, let Abdullah say, "Lam yaktuba al-dars." Like this, good. Correct. The ya of address is marked in the nominative, accusative, and jussive cases. Musa... in the five verbs, in the five verbs, it is marked in the nominative, accusative, and jussive cases.
The student: ... .
The Shaykh : It is marfu'.
The student: ... .
The Shaykh : Zaki.
The student: You address a single woman and say: "You eat the bread."
The Shaykh : You address a woman and say: "You eat the bread." Notice, what Allah wills, how much politeness is in Zaki. He said: "You address a single woman." If he said, "Example: You eat the bread," who is he addressing? He is addressing the questioner. He is addressing the questioner. But if he said: "You say to the one being addressed," this would involve a type of politeness. Good. She eats what?
The student: I say to her: "Do not eat."
The Shaykh : No, what?
The student: I say: "Do not eat the bitter thing." No, "Do not eat the bitter thing."
The Shaykh : "Do not eat the bitter thing," even if it were a son. Good. And the accusative case.
The student: The accusative case.
The Shaykh : Yes, exactly.
The student: The accusative case. "Lan ta'kuli al-marr."
The Shaykh : "Lan ta'kuli al-marr," correct. He says:
A slave girl did not eat the thick soup and did not taste the pistachios from the legumes. A slave girl did not eat the thick soup and did not taste the pistachios from the legumes.
The grammarians brought this as evidence for what? Or did you not get it? "And did not taste the pistachios from the legumes," Mansur.
The student: ... .
The Shaykh : Yes. They brought it as evidence for the substitution. Yes. "Did not eat the pistachios" is a substitute for "the legumes." And similarly, Allah the Exalted said:
And if We willed, We could have made [instead] of you angels succeeding [one another] on the earth.
ولو نشاء لجعلنا منكم ملائكة في الأرض يخلفونangels from among you
منكم ملائكةThe student: ... .
The Shaykh : How?
The student: When it enters... .
The Shaykh : No, no, no.