Explanation of the words of Ibn Malik (may Allah have mercy on him): "And except, making accusative with laysa and khala *** and 'ada and yakuun after la."
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The Shaykh :"And except, making accusative with laysa and khala *** and 'ada and yakuun after la"
"And except, making accusative": making accusative of what? Of the exception. "And except, making accusative" means: and except, in the state of you being in the accusative case, for what? For the exception. So the exception with what the author mentioned is always in the accusative case, and the exception with ghayr and sawa is always in the genitive case. Do you understand now? So the exception with ghayr and sawa is always in the genitive case, and the exception with what the author mentioned now is always in the accusative case. For this reason he said:
"And except, making accusative"
Where is the object of "making accusative"? It is omitted, and its estimation is?
The student: The exception.
The Shaykh : Its estimation is the exception, as for the subject of "making accusative," it is hidden, and its estimation is you.
"And except, making accusative" The exception with laysa and khala and 'ada and yakuun after la is four. Laysa: so laysa is one of the particles of exception. You say: The people stood up, except Zayd. The people stood up, except Zayd. We say: "Qama" (stood up) is a past tense verb, and "al-qawm" (the people) is in the nominative case with a visible dammah, and "laysa" is a particle of exception, and its subject is omitted, or if you wish, you can say its subject is hidden. If we consider it a particle, its subject is omitted, and if we consider it a verb, its subject is hidden, and its estimation is "he," referring to the portion, the portion excepted from the people, meaning: the portion excepted is not Zayd. "Laysa he," meaning: the exception, meaning: the one who stood up is not Zayd. So on this basis, we say: "Zaydan" is the predicate of laysa, in the accusative case with a visible fathah. Similarly, for khala, we say: The people stood up, except Zayd. "Khala" is a past tense verb, and its subject is hidden obligatorily, and its estimation is "he."
The student: Hidden permissibly.
The Shaykh : Obligatorily in this place, obligatorily. Otherwise, yes, the rule is that it is permissibly hidden, but they say: it is hidden obligatorily with these particles. And "Zaydan" is the object, in the accusative case. So, is the exception in reality accusative due to the exception, or does it mean the meaning of the exception?
The student: It means.
The Shaykh : If we parse it this way, then it means the meaning of the exception. But if we say that "Zaydan" in your saying "khala Zaydan" is an exception, then it becomes accusative due to the exception.
He said: "And 'ada"
How is 'ada? The people stood up, except Zayd. Exactly like "khala Zaydan."
"And yakuun" Yakuun: a present tense verb, but there is also a condition after la. Notice here that it was mentioned earlier that it raises the subject and puts the predicate in the accusative case.[An-Nisa 4:96] Here, the particle of exception is not "kana." The particle of exception is the present tense verb "yakuun," and "la" is not after "ma" or "lam" from the particles of negation, but it is after "la." So Ibn Malik (may Allah have mercy on him) stipulated two conditions: that it be in the form of the present tense. Where do we take this from? From his saying: "And yakuun", and that it occur after the particle of negation "la," meaning: after the particle of negation which is specifically "la." For this reason he said: "After la". Its example is: The people stood up, la yakuun Zaydan. So we say: "Qama al-qawm" (The people stood up) is a verb and a subject, "la" is a negator, and "yakuun" is a present tense verb, and its subject is hidden obligatorily, and its estimation is "he," and "Zaydan" is its predicate, in the accusative case with it. The exception here is semantic. Now, if I say: The people stood up, lam yakun Zaydan, is this from this category or not?
The student: No.
The Shaykh : No, because it is after "lam." And therefore, it is not permissible for me to say: The people stood up, lam yakun al-qaim Zaydan. As for "la yakuun al-qaim Zaydan," it is prohibited, because if "yakuun" is after "la," then its subject must be hidden obligatorily. And "ada," and "yakuun" after "la," how many verbs are there now?
The student: Four.
The Shaykh : Four: laysa, khala, 'ada, la yakuun, or not?
The student: Yes.
The Shaykh : Good, and we mentioned earlier that ghayr and sawa are nouns, not particles or verbs?
The student: Nouns.
The Shaykh : Huh?
The student: Nouns.
The Shaykh : Nouns, and we mentioned earlier that "illa" is a particle. And by this, we know that the exception is with particles, nouns, and verbs. The exception with particles is one particle, which is "illa." With nouns, there are two: ghayr and sawa. As for "sawa" and "suwa," they are dialects. And as for verbs, there are four: one, two, and four.
The student: And three.
The Shaykh : Yes?
The student: Three.
The Shaykh : Huh?
The student: One, two, and three.
Another student: Four.
The Shaykh : One, two, and four, how? The particle, two nouns, and four verbs, is that right?
The student: Yes.
The Shaykh : Very well.
"And except, making accusative": making accusative of what? Of the exception. "And except, making accusative" means: and except, in the state of you being in the accusative case, for what? For the exception. So the exception with what the author mentioned is always in the accusative case, and the exception with ghayr and sawa is always in the genitive case. Do you understand now? So the exception with ghayr and sawa is always in the genitive case, and the exception with what the author mentioned now is always in the accusative case. For this reason he said:
"And except, making accusative"
Where is the object of "making accusative"? It is omitted, and its estimation is?
The student: The exception.
The Shaykh : Its estimation is the exception, as for the subject of "making accusative," it is hidden, and its estimation is you.
"And except, making accusative" The exception with laysa and khala and 'ada and yakuun after la is four. Laysa: so laysa is one of the particles of exception. You say: The people stood up, except Zayd. The people stood up, except Zayd. We say: "Qama" (stood up) is a past tense verb, and "al-qawm" (the people) is in the nominative case with a visible dammah, and "laysa" is a particle of exception, and its subject is omitted, or if you wish, you can say its subject is hidden. If we consider it a particle, its subject is omitted, and if we consider it a verb, its subject is hidden, and its estimation is "he," referring to the portion, the portion excepted from the people, meaning: the portion excepted is not Zayd. "Laysa he," meaning: the exception, meaning: the one who stood up is not Zayd. So on this basis, we say: "Zaydan" is the predicate of laysa, in the accusative case with a visible fathah. Similarly, for khala, we say: The people stood up, except Zayd. "Khala" is a past tense verb, and its subject is hidden obligatorily, and its estimation is "he."
The student: Hidden permissibly.
The Shaykh : Obligatorily in this place, obligatorily. Otherwise, yes, the rule is that it is permissibly hidden, but they say: it is hidden obligatorily with these particles. And "Zaydan" is the object, in the accusative case. So, is the exception in reality accusative due to the exception, or does it mean the meaning of the exception?
The student: It means.
The Shaykh : If we parse it this way, then it means the meaning of the exception. But if we say that "Zaydan" in your saying "khala Zaydan" is an exception, then it becomes accusative due to the exception.
He said: "And 'ada"
How is 'ada? The people stood up, except Zayd. Exactly like "khala Zaydan."
"And yakuun" Yakuun: a present tense verb, but there is also a condition after la. Notice here that it was mentioned earlier that it raises the subject and puts the predicate in the accusative case.
And Allah is ever Forgiving and Merciful.
وكان الله غفورًا رحيمًاThe student: No.
The Shaykh : No, because it is after "lam." And therefore, it is not permissible for me to say: The people stood up, lam yakun al-qaim Zaydan. As for "la yakuun al-qaim Zaydan," it is prohibited, because if "yakuun" is after "la," then its subject must be hidden obligatorily. And "ada," and "yakuun" after "la," how many verbs are there now?
The student: Four.
The Shaykh : Four: laysa, khala, 'ada, la yakuun, or not?
The student: Yes.
The Shaykh : Good, and we mentioned earlier that ghayr and sawa are nouns, not particles or verbs?
The student: Nouns.
The Shaykh : Huh?
The student: Nouns.
The Shaykh : Nouns, and we mentioned earlier that "illa" is a particle. And by this, we know that the exception is with particles, nouns, and verbs. The exception with particles is one particle, which is "illa." With nouns, there are two: ghayr and sawa. As for "sawa" and "suwa," they are dialects. And as for verbs, there are four: one, two, and four.
The student: And three.
The Shaykh : Yes?
The student: Three.
The Shaykh : Huh?
The student: One, two, and three.
Another student: Four.
The Shaykh : One, two, and four, how? The particle, two nouns, and four verbs, is that right?
The student: Yes.
The Shaykh : Very well.