Explanation of the author's (may Allah have mercy on him) statement: " . . .
Machine translationRead the Arabic original
The Shaykh : The author said, "The khabar is of two types: singular and non-singular". By "singular" here is meant what is neither a sentence (jumlah) nor a quasi-sentence (shibh jumlah); what is neither a sentence nor a quasi-sentence is the singular. By "non-singular" is meant what is a sentence or a quasi-sentence. So, if it is a sentence, it is non-singular; if it is a quasi-sentence, it is non-singular; and if it is neither a sentence nor a quasi-sentence, it is singular. Based on this, your saying...
"The two men are standing," we say the khabar is singular.
"The Muslims are standing," the khabar is singular.
The khabar is singular because it is neither a sentence nor a quasi-sentence. However, if it is a sentence or a quasi-sentence, they call it non-singular.
He says, "So the singular is like 'Zayd is standing'". The author did not define it, being content with the example. But if he had said "Zayd is standing, the two Zayds are standing, and the Zayds are standing," it would have been better, because the singular here includes the singular in terms of grammar, as well as the dual and the plural.
You say "The men are standing," the khabar is singular. "Zayd is standing," the khabar is singular. "The two men are standing," the khabar is singular. Why? Because it is neither a sentence nor a quasi-sentence; it is neither a sentence nor a quasi-sentence. All right.
The singular: The author says, "Four things: the preposition and its noun, the adverb, the verb with its subject, and the subject with its predicate". The preposition and its noun, and the adverb, are a quasi-sentence. The subject and its predicate, and the verb with its subject, this is a sentence. All right.
A quasi-sentence: You say "Zayd is in the house."
Zayd: Subject (mubtada').
In the house: Predicate (khabar).
Singular or non-singular? Non-singular, because it is a preposition and its noun. So, whenever the khabar is a preposition and its noun, it is non-singular. "Zayd is in the mosque," is it singular or non-singular?
The student: Non-singular.
The Shaykh : Non-singular. "Zayd is on the camel."
The student: Non-singular.
The Shaykh : Non-singular. So, every khabar that is a preposition and its noun is non-singular. Every khabar that is an adverb is non-singular.
Like "Zayd is with you." "With you" is an adverb, and it is the khabar, and it is non-singular.
"Zayd is on the roof," is it singular or non-singular?
The student: Non-singular.
The Shaykh : Non-singular. "Zayd is in front of the house."
The student: Non-singular.
The Shaykh : All right. "Zayd is behind the wall."
The student: Non-singular.
The Shaykh : Non-singular, because it is an adverb. So, whenever you see the khabar is a preposition and its noun, it is non-singular. And whenever you see it is an adverb, it is non-singular. All right.
"Zayd, his father stood up." This is also non-singular, because it is a verb with its subject. So, if you see the khabar is a verb and a subject, it is non-singular. Non-singular. Likewise, if you see a verb and a passive subject (na'ib al-fa'il), it is non-singular.
You say "Zayd, his food was eaten." We say this is non-singular, because it is from a verb and a passive subject; from a verb and a passive subject as well.
"Zayd, his slave girl is going away." "Zayd, his slave girl is going away." "His slave girl," look...
His slave girl: Subject (mubtada').
And "going away": Predicate (khabar). So, if the khabar is a subject and a predicate, it is non-singular. The summary is that if the khabar is a preposition and its noun, it is non-singular. If it is an adverb, it is non-singular. If it is a verb and a subject, or a verb and a passive subject, it is non-singular. If it is a subject and a predicate, it is non-singular. All right.
But the scholars, the scholars of grammar, they call the adverb and the preposition and its noun a quasi-sentence, and they call the verb and subject, and the subject and predicate, a sentence. All right.
"Zayd, his handwriting is good." Where is the khabar? "His handwriting is good." Is it a sentence, or singular, or non-singular?
The student: Non-singular.
The Shaykh : Non-singular.
"Zayd, his house is spacious." This is also non-singular.
"Zayd, his goods were stolen." Non-singular. This is also non-singular, because it consists of a verb and a passive subject; from a verb and a passive subject. And based on this, analogize; based on this, analogize.
In terms of grammatical analysis (i'rab), we say "Zayd is standing."
Zayd: Subject, raised by the subject marker, and the sign of its raising is a visible dammah at its end.
Standing: Predicate of the subject, raised by the subject, and the sign of its raising is a visible dammah at its end.
All right. The adverb is a preposition and its noun. "Zayd is in the house."
You say "Zayd: Subject."
"In the house": "In" is a preposition.
"The house": A noun in the genitive case (majrur) by "in," and the sign of its genitive is a visible kasrah at its end. The preposition and its noun are connected to a deleted word, estimated to be "existing in the house," existing in the house. Put down your pens, everyone. The preposition and its noun are connected to a deleted word, estimated to be "existing."
And the apparent meaning of the author's words is that the preposition and its noun itself is the khabar, because he said "the preposition and its noun" and did not say "the connection of the preposition and its noun." And the apparent meaning of his words is that you say "in the house" is a preposition and its noun, the khabar of the subject. And that is enough. But the Basrans say that every preposition or adverb must have a connection (mutalaq). For this reason, Ibn Malik said:
"And inform [the subject] with an adverb or a preposition, *** Intending the meaning of 'existing' or 'settled'"
All right. The adverb.
"Zayd is with you."
Zayd: Subject, raised by the subject marker, and the sign of its raising is a visible dammah at its end.
"With": An adverb, in the accusative case (mansub) due to being an adverb, and the sign of its accusative is a visible fathah at its end. "With" is a possessive (mudaf), and the "you" (kaf) is a possessive pronoun (mudaf ilayh), built on the fathah, in the position of the genitive case.
Why did we say it is built on the fathah? Because all pronouns are built. All pronouns. So the "you" (kaf) is a pronoun built on the fathah, in the position of the genitive case. According to the author's opinion, we say the adverb is the khabar. And according to the second opinion, they say the adverb is connected to a deleted word, estimated to be "existing," the khabar of the subject. Do you understand? All right. "Zayd, his father stood up."
Zayd: Subject, raised by the subject marker, and the sign of its raising is a visible dammah at its end.
"Stood up": A past tense verb, built on the fathah.
"Father": Subject (fa'il), raised, and the sign of its raising is the waw instead of the dammah, because it is one of the five names (al-asma' al-khamsah). "Father" is a possessive, and the "his" (ha) is a possessive pronoun, built on the dammah, in the position of the genitive case.
What do we say about the khabar? The verb and the subject are the khabar of the subject. The verb and the subject are the khabar of the subject. But we must say that the sentence of the verb and subject is in the position of the raising of the khabar of the subject. The sentence of the verb and subject is in the position of the raising of the khabar of the subject. All right.
"Zayd, his slave girl is going away."
Zayd: Subject, raised by the subject marker, and the sign of its raising is a visible dammah at its end.
"Slave girl": Second subject, raised by the subject marker, and the sign of its raising is a visible dammah at its end.
"His slave girl": A possessive, and the "his" (ha) is a possessive pronoun, built on the dammah, in the position of the genitive case. All right.
"Going away": Predicate of the second subject. The predicate of the second subject is raised by what? By the subject.
The student: By the subject.
The Shaykh : Why?
The student: It is a predicate (khabar).
The Shaykh : Because it is a predicate raised by the subject, and the sign of its raising is a visible dammah at its end. And the sentence of the second subject and its predicate is in the position of the raising of the khabar of the first subject.
It is known now. All right.
"Zayd, his handwriting is good."
We say "Zayd": Subject, raised by the subject marker, and the sign of its raising is a visible dammah at its end.
"Handwriting": Second subject, raised by the subject marker, and the sign of its raising is a visible dammah at its end. "Handwriting" is a possessive, and the "his" (ha) is a possessive pronoun, built on the dammah, in the position of the genitive case.
"Good": Predicate of the second subject, raised by the subject, and the sign of its raising is a visible dammah at its end. And the sentence of the second subject and its predicate is in the position of the raising of the khabar of the first subject. The khabar of the first subject. Complete. All right.
The summary of the lesson now is that the khabar is divided into two types:
Singular and non-singular.
The singular is what is neither a sentence nor a quasi-sentence. The non-singular is what is a sentence or a quasi-sentence, and it is four things:
The preposition and its noun.
And the adverb.
And the verb with the subject or the passive subject.
And the subject with the predicate. And Allah knows best.
"The two men are standing," we say the khabar is singular.
"The Muslims are standing," the khabar is singular.
The khabar is singular because it is neither a sentence nor a quasi-sentence. However, if it is a sentence or a quasi-sentence, they call it non-singular.
He says, "So the singular is like 'Zayd is standing'". The author did not define it, being content with the example. But if he had said "Zayd is standing, the two Zayds are standing, and the Zayds are standing," it would have been better, because the singular here includes the singular in terms of grammar, as well as the dual and the plural.
You say "The men are standing," the khabar is singular. "Zayd is standing," the khabar is singular. "The two men are standing," the khabar is singular. Why? Because it is neither a sentence nor a quasi-sentence; it is neither a sentence nor a quasi-sentence. All right.
The singular: The author says, "Four things: the preposition and its noun, the adverb, the verb with its subject, and the subject with its predicate". The preposition and its noun, and the adverb, are a quasi-sentence. The subject and its predicate, and the verb with its subject, this is a sentence. All right.
A quasi-sentence: You say "Zayd is in the house."
Zayd: Subject (mubtada').
In the house: Predicate (khabar).
Singular or non-singular? Non-singular, because it is a preposition and its noun. So, whenever the khabar is a preposition and its noun, it is non-singular. "Zayd is in the mosque," is it singular or non-singular?
The student: Non-singular.
The Shaykh : Non-singular. "Zayd is on the camel."
The student: Non-singular.
The Shaykh : Non-singular. So, every khabar that is a preposition and its noun is non-singular. Every khabar that is an adverb is non-singular.
Like "Zayd is with you." "With you" is an adverb, and it is the khabar, and it is non-singular.
"Zayd is on the roof," is it singular or non-singular?
The student: Non-singular.
The Shaykh : Non-singular. "Zayd is in front of the house."
The student: Non-singular.
The Shaykh : All right. "Zayd is behind the wall."
The student: Non-singular.
The Shaykh : Non-singular, because it is an adverb. So, whenever you see the khabar is a preposition and its noun, it is non-singular. And whenever you see it is an adverb, it is non-singular. All right.
"Zayd, his father stood up." This is also non-singular, because it is a verb with its subject. So, if you see the khabar is a verb and a subject, it is non-singular. Non-singular. Likewise, if you see a verb and a passive subject (na'ib al-fa'il), it is non-singular.
You say "Zayd, his food was eaten." We say this is non-singular, because it is from a verb and a passive subject; from a verb and a passive subject as well.
"Zayd, his slave girl is going away." "Zayd, his slave girl is going away." "His slave girl," look...
His slave girl: Subject (mubtada').
And "going away": Predicate (khabar). So, if the khabar is a subject and a predicate, it is non-singular. The summary is that if the khabar is a preposition and its noun, it is non-singular. If it is an adverb, it is non-singular. If it is a verb and a subject, or a verb and a passive subject, it is non-singular. If it is a subject and a predicate, it is non-singular. All right.
But the scholars, the scholars of grammar, they call the adverb and the preposition and its noun a quasi-sentence, and they call the verb and subject, and the subject and predicate, a sentence. All right.
"Zayd, his handwriting is good." Where is the khabar? "His handwriting is good." Is it a sentence, or singular, or non-singular?
The student: Non-singular.
The Shaykh : Non-singular.
"Zayd, his house is spacious." This is also non-singular.
"Zayd, his goods were stolen." Non-singular. This is also non-singular, because it consists of a verb and a passive subject; from a verb and a passive subject. And based on this, analogize; based on this, analogize.
In terms of grammatical analysis (i'rab), we say "Zayd is standing."
Zayd: Subject, raised by the subject marker, and the sign of its raising is a visible dammah at its end.
Standing: Predicate of the subject, raised by the subject, and the sign of its raising is a visible dammah at its end.
All right. The adverb is a preposition and its noun. "Zayd is in the house."
You say "Zayd: Subject."
"In the house": "In" is a preposition.
"The house": A noun in the genitive case (majrur) by "in," and the sign of its genitive is a visible kasrah at its end. The preposition and its noun are connected to a deleted word, estimated to be "existing in the house," existing in the house. Put down your pens, everyone. The preposition and its noun are connected to a deleted word, estimated to be "existing."
And the apparent meaning of the author's words is that the preposition and its noun itself is the khabar, because he said "the preposition and its noun" and did not say "the connection of the preposition and its noun." And the apparent meaning of his words is that you say "in the house" is a preposition and its noun, the khabar of the subject. And that is enough. But the Basrans say that every preposition or adverb must have a connection (mutalaq). For this reason, Ibn Malik said:
"And inform [the subject] with an adverb or a preposition, *** Intending the meaning of 'existing' or 'settled'"
All right. The adverb.
"Zayd is with you."
Zayd: Subject, raised by the subject marker, and the sign of its raising is a visible dammah at its end.
"With": An adverb, in the accusative case (mansub) due to being an adverb, and the sign of its accusative is a visible fathah at its end. "With" is a possessive (mudaf), and the "you" (kaf) is a possessive pronoun (mudaf ilayh), built on the fathah, in the position of the genitive case.
Why did we say it is built on the fathah? Because all pronouns are built. All pronouns. So the "you" (kaf) is a pronoun built on the fathah, in the position of the genitive case. According to the author's opinion, we say the adverb is the khabar. And according to the second opinion, they say the adverb is connected to a deleted word, estimated to be "existing," the khabar of the subject. Do you understand? All right. "Zayd, his father stood up."
Zayd: Subject, raised by the subject marker, and the sign of its raising is a visible dammah at its end.
"Stood up": A past tense verb, built on the fathah.
"Father": Subject (fa'il), raised, and the sign of its raising is the waw instead of the dammah, because it is one of the five names (al-asma' al-khamsah). "Father" is a possessive, and the "his" (ha) is a possessive pronoun, built on the dammah, in the position of the genitive case.
What do we say about the khabar? The verb and the subject are the khabar of the subject. The verb and the subject are the khabar of the subject. But we must say that the sentence of the verb and subject is in the position of the raising of the khabar of the subject. The sentence of the verb and subject is in the position of the raising of the khabar of the subject. All right.
"Zayd, his slave girl is going away."
Zayd: Subject, raised by the subject marker, and the sign of its raising is a visible dammah at its end.
"Slave girl": Second subject, raised by the subject marker, and the sign of its raising is a visible dammah at its end.
"His slave girl": A possessive, and the "his" (ha) is a possessive pronoun, built on the dammah, in the position of the genitive case. All right.
"Going away": Predicate of the second subject. The predicate of the second subject is raised by what? By the subject.
The student: By the subject.
The Shaykh : Why?
The student: It is a predicate (khabar).
The Shaykh : Because it is a predicate raised by the subject, and the sign of its raising is a visible dammah at its end. And the sentence of the second subject and its predicate is in the position of the raising of the khabar of the first subject.
It is known now. All right.
"Zayd, his handwriting is good."
We say "Zayd": Subject, raised by the subject marker, and the sign of its raising is a visible dammah at its end.
"Handwriting": Second subject, raised by the subject marker, and the sign of its raising is a visible dammah at its end. "Handwriting" is a possessive, and the "his" (ha) is a possessive pronoun, built on the dammah, in the position of the genitive case.
"Good": Predicate of the second subject, raised by the subject, and the sign of its raising is a visible dammah at its end. And the sentence of the second subject and its predicate is in the position of the raising of the khabar of the first subject. The khabar of the first subject. Complete. All right.
The summary of the lesson now is that the khabar is divided into two types:
Singular and non-singular.
The singular is what is neither a sentence nor a quasi-sentence. The non-singular is what is a sentence or a quasi-sentence, and it is four things:
The preposition and its noun.
And the adverb.
And the verb with the subject or the passive subject.
And the subject with the predicate. And Allah knows best.