The Discussion on the Descriptive and the Definite
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The Shaykh : If I said, "I passed by Zayd, the virtuous,"
The student: It is not suitable.
The Shaykh : Why? Because Zayd is definite and "virtuous" is indefinite. The descriptive must follow the described in being definite or indefinite. The descriptive must follow the described in being definite or indefinite. Now, "I passed by a man, the virtuous,"
The student: Error
The Shaykh : That is also not correct, because "the virtuous" is definite and "man" is indefinite. Now,
He says, "And the ambiguous noun, such as this, this, and these". Yes, here it came. Now, unless the description, meaning the descriptive, is a description of something other than the described. If it is a description of something other than the described, it follows what comes after it; it follows what comes after it. Now,
"I passed by a man whose eye is in pain," "whose eye is sleeping." Leave it. "I passed by a man whose eye is sleeping." Correct.
The student: Correct
The Shaykh : Now, "I passed by a man, sleeping, whose eye,"
The student: Correct.
The Shaykh : Correct. "I passed by a man, sleeping, whose eye,"
The student: Error
Another student: Correct.
The Shaykh : Wrong, wrong. Because "man" is masculine and "sleeping" is masculine, but "sleeping" is a description of the man, not of the eye, and the eye is feminine. Now,
The author says that the definite is five things. Five things. If the definite is five things, then it follows that the indefinite, if the definite is five, it follows that the indefinite
The student: Other than these five.
The Shaykh : Other than these five. Because if a thing is limited, its opposite is not limited. If a thing is limited, its opposite is not limited. So, other than these five, it is
The student: Definite.
The Shaykh : Strange
The student: Indefinite.
The Shaykh : Indefinite. Now, the first one next to you, did you take it?
The student: I was absent.
The Shaykh : How so?
The student: I was not present.
The Shaykh : "I was not present" means you were not here. Say, because if you had not been present, we would not have seen you today. Now, the first of the definites.
The student: The first of the definites.
The Shaykh : Yes
The student: ...
The Shaykh : The pronoun. The pronoun, such as
The student: I
The Shaykh : And other
The student: We.
The Shaykh : And other
The student: You.
The Shaykh : You, and there is no pronoun other than these.
The student: Of course, he.
The Shaykh : Adam.
The student: This and this.
The Shaykh : No, no, my brother. "This" is a pronoun. "This" is a demonstrative. "This" you point to with your hand. Now, so what is a pronoun?
The student: You.
The Shaykh : You are saying this, Sami. This is the demonstrative pronoun "this." This is the actual reference. So, what is the pronoun?
The student: I and you, and Allah.
The Shaykh : No, what is Allah a pronoun? Allah is a proper name.
The student: knowledge
Another student: I and you and he and she.
The Shaykh : But stop. I and you and she. I and you and he. "I" is for the speaker, "you" is for the addressee, "he" is for the absent one, and their branches. The branches of "I" are "we." The branches of "you" are "you (fem.)," "you two," "you (pl. m.)," and "you (pl. f.)." The branches of "he" are "she," "they two," "they (m.)," and "they (f.)." In any case, the pronoun is like "I" and "you," here, and "he" and their branches. Now, this is the most definite of the definites. Some scholars excluded from this
The student: The names of Allah specific to Him.
The Shaykh : Specific to Him. He said, "This is the most definite of the definites," such as
The student: Allah
The Shaykh : Allah, al-Rahman, and Lord of the worlds. These are the most definite of the definites after the pronoun. In definiteness, the proper name. Now, such as
The student: Zayd and Makkah.
The Shaykh : And Makkah. The proper name by which names are designated, by which names are identified. This is the proper name. Zayd, Makkah, 'Umar, Bakr, Khalid. These are proper names. Now, the third name, the ambiguous name. What falls under it?
The student: This and this and these and they.
The Shaykh : Now, here.
The student: We stopped at this.
The Shaykh : We stopped at this. Now.
The student: It is not suitable.
The Shaykh : Why? Because Zayd is definite and "virtuous" is indefinite. The descriptive must follow the described in being definite or indefinite. The descriptive must follow the described in being definite or indefinite. Now, "I passed by a man, the virtuous,"
The student: Error
The Shaykh : That is also not correct, because "the virtuous" is definite and "man" is indefinite. Now,
He says, "And the ambiguous noun, such as this, this, and these". Yes, here it came. Now, unless the description, meaning the descriptive, is a description of something other than the described. If it is a description of something other than the described, it follows what comes after it; it follows what comes after it. Now,
"I passed by a man whose eye is in pain," "whose eye is sleeping." Leave it. "I passed by a man whose eye is sleeping." Correct.
The student: Correct
The Shaykh : Now, "I passed by a man, sleeping, whose eye,"
The student: Correct.
The Shaykh : Correct. "I passed by a man, sleeping, whose eye,"
The student: Error
Another student: Correct.
The Shaykh : Wrong, wrong. Because "man" is masculine and "sleeping" is masculine, but "sleeping" is a description of the man, not of the eye, and the eye is feminine. Now,
The author says that the definite is five things. Five things. If the definite is five things, then it follows that the indefinite, if the definite is five, it follows that the indefinite
The student: Other than these five.
The Shaykh : Other than these five. Because if a thing is limited, its opposite is not limited. If a thing is limited, its opposite is not limited. So, other than these five, it is
The student: Definite.
The Shaykh : Strange
The student: Indefinite.
The Shaykh : Indefinite. Now, the first one next to you, did you take it?
The student: I was absent.
The Shaykh : How so?
The student: I was not present.
The Shaykh : "I was not present" means you were not here. Say, because if you had not been present, we would not have seen you today. Now, the first of the definites.
The student: The first of the definites.
The Shaykh : Yes
The student: ...
The Shaykh : The pronoun. The pronoun, such as
The student: I
The Shaykh : And other
The student: We.
The Shaykh : And other
The student: You.
The Shaykh : You, and there is no pronoun other than these.
The student: Of course, he.
The Shaykh : Adam.
The student: This and this.
The Shaykh : No, no, my brother. "This" is a pronoun. "This" is a demonstrative. "This" you point to with your hand. Now, so what is a pronoun?
The student: You.
The Shaykh : You are saying this, Sami. This is the demonstrative pronoun "this." This is the actual reference. So, what is the pronoun?
The student: I and you, and Allah.
The Shaykh : No, what is Allah a pronoun? Allah is a proper name.
The student: knowledge
Another student: I and you and he and she.
The Shaykh : But stop. I and you and she. I and you and he. "I" is for the speaker, "you" is for the addressee, "he" is for the absent one, and their branches. The branches of "I" are "we." The branches of "you" are "you (fem.)," "you two," "you (pl. m.)," and "you (pl. f.)." The branches of "he" are "she," "they two," "they (m.)," and "they (f.)." In any case, the pronoun is like "I" and "you," here, and "he" and their branches. Now, this is the most definite of the definites. Some scholars excluded from this
The student: The names of Allah specific to Him.
The Shaykh : Specific to Him. He said, "This is the most definite of the definites," such as
The student: Allah
The Shaykh : Allah, al-Rahman, and Lord of the worlds. These are the most definite of the definites after the pronoun. In definiteness, the proper name. Now, such as
The student: Zayd and Makkah.
The Shaykh : And Makkah. The proper name by which names are designated, by which names are identified. This is the proper name. Zayd, Makkah, 'Umar, Bakr, Khalid. These are proper names. Now, the third name, the ambiguous name. What falls under it?
The student: This and this and these and they.
The Shaykh : Now, here.
The student: We stopped at this.
The Shaykh : We stopped at this. Now.