A summary of the explanation of the final verses mentioned above.
Machine translationRead the Arabic original
The Shaykh : The summary, my brothers, is this: If the one being addressed is preceded by the definite article (al), it is impossible for him to be addressed directly with the letter yā, is that correct?
The student: Yes.
The Shaykh : To be addressed directly with yā. I said: the letter yā, and that was a mistake. It is to be addressed directly with yā, except in two cases: Allah, and the reported speech of a sentence. Now, if it is not possible to be addressed directly with yā, how do we address him? We said: Praise be to Allah, everything has a substitute. You answer with "ayy," you answer with "ayy," so you address him by saying: O ayy man, O man, O ayy man, O human being.
The student: Yes.
The Shaykh : To be addressed directly with yā. I said: the letter yā, and that was a mistake. It is to be addressed directly with yā, except in two cases: Allah, and the reported speech of a sentence. Now, if it is not possible to be addressed directly with yā, how do we address him? We said: Praise be to Allah, everything has a substitute. You answer with "ayy," you answer with "ayy," so you address him by saying: O ayy man, O man, O ayy man, O human being.