The Discussion on the Conjunctions
Machine translationRead the Arabic original
The Shaykh : The author (may Allah have mercy on him) mentioned that the conjunctions are ten; he counted them for us.
The student: The waw.
The Shaykh : Yes
The student: And fa, thumma, aw, amma, and imma.
The Shaykh : No, not amma. No.
The student: Imma and anna.
The Shaykh : No, and amma.
The student: No, am, am.
The Shaykh : Am, good.
The student: And la, wa lakin, and hatta in some places.
The Shaykh : And hatta in some places, good.
The student: One remaining.
Another student: And bal.
The Shaykh : Yes, yes, I will count them for you. Good. The waw signifies
The student: ...
The Shaykh : without order. Good, what is the example?
The student: Zayd and 'Amr came in.
The Shaykh : Zayd and 'Amr came in. Which one is first?
The student: They are equal to each other.
The Shaykh : Equal to each other, or it is possible that some came before and some after. It is possible that both came in together, or that the first is the first and the second is the second, or the reverse. It does not signify order. The fa
The student: The fa.
The Shaykh : Yes
The student: It signifies order.
The Shaykh : And what else?
The student: And conjunction.
The Shaykh : It is the conjunction. They all signify
The student: Delay.
The Shaykh : Ah?
The student: Delay.
The Shaykh : What?
The student: Delay.
The Shaykh : If I say, "Zayd came in, then 'Amr," it means that 'Amr did not come in except after a day or two days.
The student: Except
The Shaykh : Ah?
The student: Connected.
The Shaykh : Ah?
The student: ... they are connected.
The Shaykh : I did not hear you.
The student: Connected.
The Shaykh : Conjugation.
The student: Connected, connected.
The Shaykh : The imposition.
The student: Connected, connected.
The Shaykh : It is connection. Yes, here. Good, so it signifies order and succession. The grammarians say it signifies order and succession. Good, what is the example?
The student: Zayd came in, then 'Amr.
The Shaykh : Yes, then Ahmad.
The student: Thumma signifies order with delay.
The Shaykh : Order with delay. What is the example?
The student: Zayd came, then 'Amr.
The Shaykh : Zayd came, then 'Amr. Complete, or here?
The student: ...
The Shaykh : Doubt. This is one. We mentioned four things in aw. Come on, my brother.
The student: Choice.
The Shaykh : Choice. No, adjust it a bit. Adjust the word.
The student: The option.
The Shaykh : Adjust it a bit. The choice. Good, other than that, yes.
The student: And permissibility.
The Shaykh : Permissibility. Here.
The student: Confusion.
The Shaykh : Confusion means ambiguity. Good, is there something?
The student: Doubt, is it not confusion?
The Shaykh : Confusion is different from doubt. Doubt is from the speaker.
The student: Different from confusion.
The Shaykh : In confusion, the speaker knows the reality, but he wants to confuse the other person. Good.
The student: And the example is in it.
The Shaykh : The example will come, if Allah wills. The example of doubt.
The student: He says, "Zayd or 'Amr came in."
The Shaykh : On the basis that he is doubtful and does not know which one came in. And from that is the saying of the Messenger, the saying of the narrator, when he said, Allah the Exalted said:[Al-An'am 6:65] He said: "This is easier or lighter". And this is common. Good, the example of permissibility.
The student: Eat meat or chicken.
The Shaykh : Ah?
The student: Eat meat or chicken.
The Shaykh : No, that is not correct. Chicken is meat. "Eat meat or chicken." He wants to say that chicken is meat.
The student: Eat fish.
The Shaykh : Ah?
The student: Eat fish.
The Shaykh : Fish is also meat. Put fish with chicken and leave meat. "Eat fish or chicken." This
The student: Is for permissibility.
The Shaykh : This is permissibility. Good, the choice. Oh son of Dawud.
The student: The choice.
The Shaykh : Yes
The student: Like, "Marry Hind or her sister."
The Shaykh : Ah?
The student: Marry Hind or her sister.
The Shaykh : "Marry" (inkih) or "marry" (inkah)? Because "inkih" is permissibility. If I say, "Marry Hind or her sister," this is permissibility.
The student: No, "inkah."
The Shaykh : "Inkah."
The student: Meaning to marry.
The Shaykh : Yes, yes. Good. "Marry Hind or her sister." What is this?
The student: This is for choice.
The Shaykh : For choice. So what is the difference between choice and permissibility?
The student: That in choice, it is not permissible to combine the two. You are allowed to take only one.
The Shaykh : Yes
The student: And in permissibility, it is permissible to combine the two.
The Shaykh : Or stop at one.
The student: Or stop at one.
The Shaykh : Complete. Good. Confusion, with the ra and the ha, which is ambiguity. What is the example?
The student: A questioner asks you, for example, "Who came in?" Then you say, "Zayd or someone else," and you know it is Zayd or someone else.
The Shaykh : Complete. A questioner asks you, "Who came in?" and you say, "Zayd or someone else," or you say, "Zayd or 'Amr," and I know it is Zayd, but I wanted to make the matter ambiguous for him and confuse him. Is it clear, everyone? Did you understand, my brother? This example.
The questioner : How do we distinguish between the example of choice or ambiguity?
The Shaykh : According to what is in the person's heart, according to what is in the speaker's heart. For example, if someone is asked, "Which of your two brothers came in?" "Which of your two brothers came in?" Zayd or 'Amr? He says, "Zayd or 'Amr." We know that he knows the news of his two brothers, so we know by that that he
The student: ...
The Shaykh : Here, Shihab, there is no god but Allah, he does not know his brother.
The student: ...
The Shaykh : How, Ahmad?
The student: It is doubt...
The Shaykh : No doubt. His brother so-and-so came to his house, so someone came and said, "I saw one of your brothers enter your house. Which one entered? Muhammad or 'Ali?" He said, "It is either Muhammad or 'Ali." What is this?
The student: Confusion.
The Shaykh : He has no doubt about this. Clear.
The student: Clear.
The Shaykh : Good, is there am, am, am?
The student: ...
The Shaykh : Here, no, am.
The student: It means...
The Shaykh : Correct.
The student: Correct.
The Shaykh : Yes, am. We said that if it is connected, it means aw, meaning aw[Al-Baqarah 2:6], meaning "or did you not warn them." And if it is disconnected, it means bal, so it is for correction. It is for correction. Good.
The student: A second example.
The Shaykh : Ah?
The student: A second example.
The Shaykh : This second example is not in Surat al-Tur.[At-Tur 52:30] "Or do they say, 'Every [time]...'" "Or do they say" in Surat al-Tur is from this category. Good. Imma, imma, O Adam.
The student: Yes.
The Shaykh : What does it mean?
The student: You did not explain.
The Shaykh : Ah?
The student: You did not explain.
The Shaykh : You did not explain. Look, the word "you did not explain" is not easy, O Adam. Say, "I did not pay attention," because if I asked any one of the students now, "Did you explain or did you not explain?"
The student: You explained.
The Shaykh : We explained it.
The student: I did not pay attention.
The Shaykh : Yes, say, "I did not pay attention." Do not put the blame on someone else. Good, who paid attention?
The student: Or
The Shaykh : Yes, but the correct view is that it is not one of the conjunctions. Yes, bal.
The student: For correction.
The Shaykh : For correction. Good, like
The student: Like, "Zayd came in, but 'Amr."
The Shaykh : But 'Amr. Good, but
The student: For retraction.
The Shaykh : Here, no, no.
The student: But.
The Shaykh : Negation. What is the example?
The student: No...
The Shaykh : No, we want. No, you do not have the conjunction. Yes, yes.
The student: For retraction.
The Shaykh : No, he said it is for negation. But we want an example now. That is, for negation, we need an example.
The student: Zayd stood up, not 'Amr.
The Shaykh : Zayd stood up, not 'Amr. So 'Amr did not stand up. The standing is negated for him. Good, but, but
The student: For exception.
The Shaykh : For exception.
The student: Conditional.
The Shaykh : But what is its example?
The student: Muhammad came in, but with him was 'Ali.
The Shaykh : Yes, it must be preceded by negation. Here, it must be preceded by negation. You did not memorize it. Good, you.
The student: Muhammad did not come in, but 'Abdullah.
The Shaykh : Muhammad did not come in, but 'Abdullah. What does it mean? The one who brought the example, what does it mean?
The student: Confirmation
The Shaykh : Emphasis. No.
The student: Retraction.
The Shaykh : Retraction. Good. Is lakin "lakan" or something else?
The student: Something else.
The Shaykh : Something else, because "lakan" is from the sisters of "inna." It makes the subject accusative and the predicate nominative. Good. Hatta in some places. Yes,
The student: Hatta.
The Shaykh : Its example
The student: I saw the donkey, even its leg.
The Shaykh : ... Look for another, O Muhammad.
The student: Good, I ate the fish, even its head.
The Shaykh : Yes, I ate the fish, even its head. So its head is eaten.
The student: Yes.
The Shaykh : Good. The author says "in some places." 'Abd al-Rahman.
The student: In some places, it is a preposition.
The Shaykh : In some places, it is a preposition, not a conjunction. What is the example?
The student:
The Shaykh : Yes, Good. The one who says, "I ate the fish, even its head" (hatta ra'saha) and "even its head" (hatta ra'siha). The one behind you, yes, yes.
The student: I was not present.
The Shaykh : I was not present, al-Bukhari. "I ate the fish, even its head" (hatta ra'saha), "I ate the fish, even its head" (hatta ra'siha). Is the head eaten or not eaten?
The student: It is not eaten.
The Shaykh : Which of them?
The student: Even its head.
The Shaykh : Even its head (hatta ra'siha). Yes.
The student: Not eaten, meaning only up to its head.
The Shaykh : Yes, it is true.
The student: Yes.
The Shaykh : Yes, because the first one, "even its head" (hatta ra'saha), "hatta" is a conjunction. "Ra'saha" is conjoined to "the fish," so it is eaten, just as the fish is eaten. As for "even its head" (hatta ra'siha), the meaning is "up to its head," so the head is not eaten, because the rule is that the beginning of the limit is included, but the end of it is not.
The student: The waw.
The Shaykh : Yes
The student: And fa, thumma, aw, amma, and imma.
The Shaykh : No, not amma. No.
The student: Imma and anna.
The Shaykh : No, and amma.
The student: No, am, am.
The Shaykh : Am, good.
The student: And la, wa lakin, and hatta in some places.
The Shaykh : And hatta in some places, good.
The student: One remaining.
Another student: And bal.
The Shaykh : Yes, yes, I will count them for you. Good. The waw signifies
The student: ...
The Shaykh : without order. Good, what is the example?
The student: Zayd and 'Amr came in.
The Shaykh : Zayd and 'Amr came in. Which one is first?
The student: They are equal to each other.
The Shaykh : Equal to each other, or it is possible that some came before and some after. It is possible that both came in together, or that the first is the first and the second is the second, or the reverse. It does not signify order. The fa
The student: The fa.
The Shaykh : Yes
The student: It signifies order.
The Shaykh : And what else?
The student: And conjunction.
The Shaykh : It is the conjunction. They all signify
The student: Delay.
The Shaykh : Ah?
The student: Delay.
The Shaykh : What?
The student: Delay.
The Shaykh : If I say, "Zayd came in, then 'Amr," it means that 'Amr did not come in except after a day or two days.
The student: Except
The Shaykh : Ah?
The student: Connected.
The Shaykh : Ah?
The student: ... they are connected.
The Shaykh : I did not hear you.
The student: Connected.
The Shaykh : Conjugation.
The student: Connected, connected.
The Shaykh : The imposition.
The student: Connected, connected.
The Shaykh : It is connection. Yes, here. Good, so it signifies order and succession. The grammarians say it signifies order and succession. Good, what is the example?
The student: Zayd came in, then 'Amr.
The Shaykh : Yes, then Ahmad.
The student: Thumma signifies order with delay.
The Shaykh : Order with delay. What is the example?
The student: Zayd came, then 'Amr.
The Shaykh : Zayd came, then 'Amr. Complete, or here?
The student: ...
The Shaykh : Doubt. This is one. We mentioned four things in aw. Come on, my brother.
The student: Choice.
The Shaykh : Choice. No, adjust it a bit. Adjust the word.
The student: The option.
The Shaykh : Adjust it a bit. The choice. Good, other than that, yes.
The student: And permissibility.
The Shaykh : Permissibility. Here.
The student: Confusion.
The Shaykh : Confusion means ambiguity. Good, is there something?
The student: Doubt, is it not confusion?
The Shaykh : Confusion is different from doubt. Doubt is from the speaker.
The student: Different from confusion.
The Shaykh : In confusion, the speaker knows the reality, but he wants to confuse the other person. Good.
The student: And the example is in it.
The Shaykh : The example will come, if Allah wills. The example of doubt.
The student: He says, "Zayd or 'Amr came in."
The Shaykh : On the basis that he is doubtful and does not know which one came in. And from that is the saying of the Messenger, the saying of the narrator, when he said, Allah the Exalted said:
or to confuse you [so you become] sects and make you taste the violence of one another
أو يلبسكم شيعا ويذيق بعضكم بأس بعضThe student: Eat meat or chicken.
The Shaykh : Ah?
The student: Eat meat or chicken.
The Shaykh : No, that is not correct. Chicken is meat. "Eat meat or chicken." He wants to say that chicken is meat.
The student: Eat fish.
The Shaykh : Ah?
The student: Eat fish.
The Shaykh : Fish is also meat. Put fish with chicken and leave meat. "Eat fish or chicken." This
The student: Is for permissibility.
The Shaykh : This is permissibility. Good, the choice. Oh son of Dawud.
The student: The choice.
The Shaykh : Yes
The student: Like, "Marry Hind or her sister."
The Shaykh : Ah?
The student: Marry Hind or her sister.
The Shaykh : "Marry" (inkih) or "marry" (inkah)? Because "inkih" is permissibility. If I say, "Marry Hind or her sister," this is permissibility.
The student: No, "inkah."
The Shaykh : "Inkah."
The student: Meaning to marry.
The Shaykh : Yes, yes. Good. "Marry Hind or her sister." What is this?
The student: This is for choice.
The Shaykh : For choice. So what is the difference between choice and permissibility?
The student: That in choice, it is not permissible to combine the two. You are allowed to take only one.
The Shaykh : Yes
The student: And in permissibility, it is permissible to combine the two.
The Shaykh : Or stop at one.
The student: Or stop at one.
The Shaykh : Complete. Good. Confusion, with the ra and the ha, which is ambiguity. What is the example?
The student: A questioner asks you, for example, "Who came in?" Then you say, "Zayd or someone else," and you know it is Zayd or someone else.
The Shaykh : Complete. A questioner asks you, "Who came in?" and you say, "Zayd or someone else," or you say, "Zayd or 'Amr," and I know it is Zayd, but I wanted to make the matter ambiguous for him and confuse him. Is it clear, everyone? Did you understand, my brother? This example.
The questioner : How do we distinguish between the example of choice or ambiguity?
The Shaykh : According to what is in the person's heart, according to what is in the speaker's heart. For example, if someone is asked, "Which of your two brothers came in?" "Which of your two brothers came in?" Zayd or 'Amr? He says, "Zayd or 'Amr." We know that he knows the news of his two brothers, so we know by that that he
The student: ...
The Shaykh : Here, Shihab, there is no god but Allah, he does not know his brother.
The student: ...
The Shaykh : How, Ahmad?
The student: It is doubt...
The Shaykh : No doubt. His brother so-and-so came to his house, so someone came and said, "I saw one of your brothers enter your house. Which one entered? Muhammad or 'Ali?" He said, "It is either Muhammad or 'Ali." What is this?
The student: Confusion.
The Shaykh : He has no doubt about this. Clear.
The student: Clear.
The Shaykh : Good, is there am, am, am?
The student: ...
The Shaykh : Here, no, am.
The student: It means...
The Shaykh : Correct.
The student: Correct.
The Shaykh : Yes, am. We said that if it is connected, it means aw, meaning aw
it is all the same for them whether you warn them or do not warn them
سواء عليهم أأنذرتهم أم لم تنذرهمThe student: A second example.
The Shaykh : Ah?
The student: A second example.
The Shaykh : This second example is not in Surat al-Tur.
Or do they say [of you], "A poet
أم يقولون شاعرThe student: Yes.
The Shaykh : What does it mean?
The student: You did not explain.
The Shaykh : Ah?
The student: You did not explain.
The Shaykh : You did not explain. Look, the word "you did not explain" is not easy, O Adam. Say, "I did not pay attention," because if I asked any one of the students now, "Did you explain or did you not explain?"
The student: You explained.
The Shaykh : We explained it.
The student: I did not pay attention.
The Shaykh : Yes, say, "I did not pay attention." Do not put the blame on someone else. Good, who paid attention?
The student: Or
The Shaykh : Yes, but the correct view is that it is not one of the conjunctions. Yes, bal.
The student: For correction.
The Shaykh : For correction. Good, like
The student: Like, "Zayd came in, but 'Amr."
The Shaykh : But 'Amr. Good, but
The student: For retraction.
The Shaykh : Here, no, no.
The student: But.
The Shaykh : Negation. What is the example?
The student: No...
The Shaykh : No, we want. No, you do not have the conjunction. Yes, yes.
The student: For retraction.
The Shaykh : No, he said it is for negation. But we want an example now. That is, for negation, we need an example.
The student: Zayd stood up, not 'Amr.
The Shaykh : Zayd stood up, not 'Amr. So 'Amr did not stand up. The standing is negated for him. Good, but, but
The student: For exception.
The Shaykh : For exception.
The student: Conditional.
The Shaykh : But what is its example?
The student: Muhammad came in, but with him was 'Ali.
The Shaykh : Yes, it must be preceded by negation. Here, it must be preceded by negation. You did not memorize it. Good, you.
The student: Muhammad did not come in, but 'Abdullah.
The Shaykh : Muhammad did not come in, but 'Abdullah. What does it mean? The one who brought the example, what does it mean?
The student: Confirmation
The Shaykh : Emphasis. No.
The student: Retraction.
The Shaykh : Retraction. Good. Is lakin "lakan" or something else?
The student: Something else.
The Shaykh : Something else, because "lakan" is from the sisters of "inna." It makes the subject accusative and the predicate nominative. Good. Hatta in some places. Yes,
The student: Hatta.
The Shaykh : Its example
The student: I saw the donkey, even its leg.
The Shaykh : ... Look for another, O Muhammad.
The student: Good, I ate the fish, even its head.
The Shaykh : Yes, I ate the fish, even its head. So its head is eaten.
The student: Yes.
The Shaykh : Good. The author says "in some places." 'Abd al-Rahman.
The student: In some places, it is a preposition.
The Shaykh : In some places, it is a preposition, not a conjunction. What is the example?
The student:
Peace it is until the break of dawn
سلام هي حتى مطلع الفجرThe Shaykh : Yes,
Peace it is until the break of dawn
سلام هي حتى مطلع الفجرThe student: I was not present.
The Shaykh : I was not present, al-Bukhari. "I ate the fish, even its head" (hatta ra'saha), "I ate the fish, even its head" (hatta ra'siha). Is the head eaten or not eaten?
The student: It is not eaten.
The Shaykh : Which of them?
The student: Even its head.
The Shaykh : Even its head (hatta ra'siha). Yes.
The student: Not eaten, meaning only up to its head.
The Shaykh : Yes, it is true.
The student: Yes.
The Shaykh : Yes, because the first one, "even its head" (hatta ra'saha), "hatta" is a conjunction. "Ra'saha" is conjoined to "the fish," so it is eaten, just as the fish is eaten. As for "even its head" (hatta ra'siha), the meaning is "up to its head," so the head is not eaten, because the rule is that the beginning of the limit is included, but the end of it is not.