Continuation of the discussion on the obstacles to declension: "The addition of alif and nun, and foreignness"
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The Shaykh : Well done, good. Does the quality of being a description affect the chapter on compound words? The answer is no; compound words are only proper nouns, there are no descriptive compound words. Add and add, add, what? Alif and nun. So every singular noun ending in an added alif and nun is prohibited from declension, whether it is a proper noun or a description. If it is a proper noun or a description. There are many proper nouns, like Sulayman and Salman. Do we say Aliyan? Yes, Aliyan, because it is a proper noun, and so on. Every proper noun with an added alif and nun is prohibited from declension due to being a proper noun and the addition of alif and nun. Allah the Exalted said: [Al-Anbya 21:81] And to Sulayman. Why Sulayman? Even though the lam is a preposition, because Sulayman is what?
The student: A noun that is not declined.
The Shaykh : A noun that is not declined, and the obstacle preventing its declension is being a proper noun and the addition of alif and nun. Likewise, "and of Salman the Persian" and "and of Salman the Persian (may Allah be pleased with him)." We say "of Salman." Why? Because Salman is a noun prohibited from declension, and the obstacle preventing its declension is being a proper noun and the addition of alif and nun. Now, if someone asks, how is the alif and nun added? Who said it is added? Bring evidence that it is added. We say, okay, let us bring evidence. Salman comes from salima (to be safe). Salima has three letters. Salman has five letters. So there is an added alif and nun. Sulayman is the same, from salima. Salima has three letters, Sulayman has six letters, ending in an added alif and nun. When the alif and nun are added, it becomes a noun that is not declined. We said that the addition of alif and nun occurs in proper nouns and in descriptions. It occurs in descriptions, like sakran (drunk). Sakran is a description. This description has an added alif and nun, because sakran is derived from sakira (to become drunk). Sakira has three letters, and sakran has five letters. It has an added alif and nun. So we say that sakran is a noun that is not declined, and the obstacle preventing its declension is being a description and the addition of alif and nun. Being a description and the addition of alif and nun.
Now, atshan (thirsty). Atshan, yes, it is not declined. Why? Because it is a description with an added alif and nun. Every description with an added alif and nun is prohibited from declension due to being a description, and what else? And the addition of alif and nun. Now, ghadhaban (angry). Where does ghadhaban come from? From ghadiba (to become angry). Ghabiba has three letters, and ghadhaban has five letters. So it has an added alif and nun. It has an added alif and nun, and it is a description, so it is prohibited from declension due to being a proper noun. Due to being a proper noun? No... Sometimes there might be a mistake. Due to being a description and the addition of alif and nun. Now, maridhan (sick). Yes.
The student: ... .
The Shaykh : Like maridhan, from marida (to become sick), three letters. And maridhan, how many? Five letters. So it has an added alif and nun. So we say maridhan is a noun that is not declined. The examples are many. In any case, every proper noun or description with an added alif and nun is prohibited from declension. It is said that the obstacle preventing its declension is being a proper noun if it is a proper noun, and the addition of alif and nun, or being a description if it is a description, and the addition of alif and nun. Understood?
Now, foreignness. Foreignness means a foreign name. A foreign name is declined with the fathah, but on the condition that it is a proper noun with more than three letters. If it has three letters with a middle letter that is not moved, it is declined. So a foreign name must be a proper noun, and what else? More than three letters. Or if you wish, say a proper noun, except if it has three letters with a middle letter that is not moved, then it is declined.
Now, Ibrahim.
The student: A proper noun with more than three letters.
The Shaykh : Foreign. Ibrahim is a foreign name. The name Ibrahim is foreign, and therefore it is declined with the fathah because it is a proper noun with more than three letters. Allah the Exalted said: We revealed to Ibrahim. And it did not say to Ibrahim with a kasrah. Why? Because it is a noun that is not declined, and the obstacle preventing its declension is what, O Isa?
The student: Being a proper noun and foreignness.
The Shaykh : Being a proper noun and foreignness. So it must be a proper noun and foreign. Now, Ismail.
The student: Foreign.
The Shaykh : Foreign. Is Ismail foreign? Foreign. It is declined with the fathah because it is a proper noun. Allah the Exalted said: And Ismail. And it did not say and Ismail with a kasrah, because Ismail is foreign and has more than four letters. Look, how many letters is Ismail? Six or seven? Seven letters. Seven letters. Good.
If it has three letters with a middle letter that is not moved, it is declined and declined with the kasrah, like Nuh, Lut, and Hud. These are declined. Allah the Exalted said:[An-Nisa 4:163] [An-Nisa 4:163] And He said regarding Lut: [Al-Anbya 21:74] Lut with a tanwin. This is declined because it has a tanwin. If it were not declined, it would not have a tanwin. Now, Hud. Yes. [Hud 11:60] Look, it is declined with the kasrah. And it did not say "Woe to the people of Hud" with a fathah, but it said: Because it is a three-letter word with a middle letter that is not moved. So what is excluded from foreign names? Every three-letter word with a middle letter that is not moved is declined, even if it is foreign. Now, from the names of the prophets, Salih and Shu'ayb. Salih and Shu'ayb. Yes. [Al-A'raf 7:85] Shu'ayb with a tanwin. Declined. How can it be declined when it is the name of a prophet?
The student: It is not prohibited.
The Shaykh : We say that the names of the prophets are not prohibited from declension, just like others. If they are foreign, they are not declined if they exceed three letters. And if they are Arabic, they are not prohibited. Shu'ayb is an Arabic name. Salih is Arabic, or not? Now, yes. Muhammad is an Arabic name. So being a proper noun.
Now, what do you think if it is a noun that is not a proper noun, and it is foreign? Is it declined or not declined? It is foreign, but it is not a proper noun.
The student: It is declined.
The Shaykh : It is declined? Why? Because the condition is not met. Because our condition is that it must be a proper noun. That it must be a proper noun.
Now, it is said that Ali ibn Abi Talib asked Shurayh about a matter regarding the waiting period: A woman claimed that her waiting period had ended within a month. Within a month. And the waiting period of a woman is three menstrual cycles. This woman came after a month and said to Ali ibn Abi Talib: That her waiting period had ended. Glory be to Allah, a month, three menstrual cycles. He said: Yes. She said: Yes, the waiting period has ended. Shurayh said to Ali: Judge in her case. Ali said to Shurayh: Judge in her case. He said: If she brings evidence from her inner circle, from those whose religion is expected to be good or whose religion is known, then it is accepted. Ali said to him: Qalun. Qalun. Qalun. He knows her. Guidance from Allah. What does it mean?
The student: Qalun is foreign, but it is not a proper noun. It is a proper noun.
The Shaykh : But what does Qalun mean?
The student: Qalun.
The Shaykh : It seems he does not know. Qalun. The scholars said: It means good in the Roman language. Good in the Roman language. Now, Ali said Qalun. Is this declined or not declined? Declined. Why? Because it is not a proper noun. It is not a proper noun. And we condition for a human being that it must be a proper noun. If it is not a proper noun, it is declined.
Now, we have learned that foreignness does not occur except in proper nouns, correct? Meaning it does not prevent declension except if it is a proper noun. So it has two causes: being a proper noun and foreignness. Being a description and foreignness. The nominal foreignness and the descriptive foreignness. Foreignness does not have an effect. It must be a proper noun. The description, like his saying: "By knowing." Meaning it is a cause dependent on another. It is not an independent cause. The description is not an independent cause, but it is dependent on another. We will return now to this verse in order to explain it, as they say.
"Gather" What is it? The form of the extreme of plurals. And one cause is sufficient in it. One cause is sufficient, and that is the form of the extreme of plurals. "Weigh" The weight of justice. The weight of the verb. The weight of the verb has two causes. Two causes. The weight of the verb with the description or being a proper noun. Look, now we have a description and being a proper noun. Adil is a description. What else? And being a proper noun with Adil. Adil is a description and being a proper noun with Adil. "Feminize" It has the extended alif of femininity and the shortened alif of femininity. One cause is sufficient in it. One cause only. The extended alif of femininity and the shortened alif of femininity are sufficient with one cause. So the one in which one cause is sufficient, who is it? The form of the extreme of plurals. The extended alif of femininity. The shortened alif of femininity. Now, the one in which two causes are present and one of the two causes is combined. The proper noun and the description are combined. The weight of the verb and justice. Now, femininity. We said femininity is an extended alif or a shortened alif, or verbal or conceptual femininity. It must have being a proper noun and femininity. Verbal and conceptual femininity must have being a proper noun and femininity. And what do we add to it? So far, its counterpart has not come. "Compound" The mixed compound. We know what this is... Compound. What? The mixed compound has two causes. Compounding and being a proper noun. Does it have a description or not?
The student: No, it does not.
The Shaykh : It is attached to what?
The student: It is attached to femininity.
The Shaykh : By grammatical or semantic femininity. Now, regarding the addition of the alif and nun, what is the reason? It is for being a proper noun and for the addition of the alif and nun. It is a foreign proper noun, and it is a foreign word.
And to Solomon [We subjected] the wind, blowing forcefully
ولسليمانَ الريح عاصفةThe student: A noun that is not declined.
The Shaykh : A noun that is not declined, and the obstacle preventing its declension is being a proper noun and the addition of alif and nun. Likewise, "and of Salman the Persian" and "and of Salman the Persian (may Allah be pleased with him)." We say "of Salman." Why? Because Salman is a noun prohibited from declension, and the obstacle preventing its declension is being a proper noun and the addition of alif and nun. Now, if someone asks, how is the alif and nun added? Who said it is added? Bring evidence that it is added. We say, okay, let us bring evidence. Salman comes from salima (to be safe). Salima has three letters. Salman has five letters. So there is an added alif and nun. Sulayman is the same, from salima. Salima has three letters, Sulayman has six letters, ending in an added alif and nun. When the alif and nun are added, it becomes a noun that is not declined. We said that the addition of alif and nun occurs in proper nouns and in descriptions. It occurs in descriptions, like sakran (drunk). Sakran is a description. This description has an added alif and nun, because sakran is derived from sakira (to become drunk). Sakira has three letters, and sakran has five letters. It has an added alif and nun. So we say that sakran is a noun that is not declined, and the obstacle preventing its declension is being a description and the addition of alif and nun. Being a description and the addition of alif and nun.
Now, atshan (thirsty). Atshan, yes, it is not declined. Why? Because it is a description with an added alif and nun. Every description with an added alif and nun is prohibited from declension due to being a description, and what else? And the addition of alif and nun. Now, ghadhaban (angry). Where does ghadhaban come from? From ghadiba (to become angry). Ghabiba has three letters, and ghadhaban has five letters. So it has an added alif and nun. It has an added alif and nun, and it is a description, so it is prohibited from declension due to being a proper noun. Due to being a proper noun? No... Sometimes there might be a mistake. Due to being a description and the addition of alif and nun. Now, maridhan (sick). Yes.
The student: ... .
The Shaykh : Like maridhan, from marida (to become sick), three letters. And maridhan, how many? Five letters. So it has an added alif and nun. So we say maridhan is a noun that is not declined. The examples are many. In any case, every proper noun or description with an added alif and nun is prohibited from declension. It is said that the obstacle preventing its declension is being a proper noun if it is a proper noun, and the addition of alif and nun, or being a description if it is a description, and the addition of alif and nun. Understood?
Now, foreignness. Foreignness means a foreign name. A foreign name is declined with the fathah, but on the condition that it is a proper noun with more than three letters. If it has three letters with a middle letter that is not moved, it is declined. So a foreign name must be a proper noun, and what else? More than three letters. Or if you wish, say a proper noun, except if it has three letters with a middle letter that is not moved, then it is declined.
Now, Ibrahim.
The student: A proper noun with more than three letters.
The Shaykh : Foreign. Ibrahim is a foreign name. The name Ibrahim is foreign, and therefore it is declined with the fathah because it is a proper noun with more than three letters. Allah the Exalted said:
And We revealed to Abraham
وأوحينا إلى إبراهيمThe student: Being a proper noun and foreignness.
The Shaykh : Being a proper noun and foreignness. So it must be a proper noun and foreign. Now, Ismail.
The student: Foreign.
The Shaykh : Foreign. Is Ismail foreign? Foreign. It is declined with the fathah because it is a proper noun. Allah the Exalted said:
And We revealed to Abraham and Ishmael
وأوحينا إلى إبراهيمَ وإسماعيلَIf it has three letters with a middle letter that is not moved, it is declined and declined with the kasrah, like Nuh, Lut, and Hud. These are declined. Allah the Exalted said:
Indeed, We have revealed to you, [O Muhammad], as We revealed to Noah and the prophets after him
إنا أوحينا إليك كما أوحينا إلى نوح والنبيين من بعدهto Noah and the prophets after him
إلى نوحٍ والنبيين من بعدهAnd to Lot We gave judgement and knowledge
ولوطًا آتيناه حكما وعلماًthen away with 'Aad, the people of Hud.
ألا بُعدا لعاد قوم هودٍThe people of Hud
قوم هودٍAnd to [the people of] Madyan [We sent] their brother Shu'ayb.
وإلى مدين أخاهم شعيبًاThe student: It is not prohibited.
The Shaykh : We say that the names of the prophets are not prohibited from declension, just like others. If they are foreign, they are not declined if they exceed three letters. And if they are Arabic, they are not prohibited. Shu'ayb is an Arabic name. Salih is Arabic, or not? Now, yes. Muhammad is an Arabic name. So being a proper noun.
Now, what do you think if it is a noun that is not a proper noun, and it is foreign? Is it declined or not declined? It is foreign, but it is not a proper noun.
The student: It is declined.
The Shaykh : It is declined? Why? Because the condition is not met. Because our condition is that it must be a proper noun. That it must be a proper noun.
Now, it is said that Ali ibn Abi Talib asked Shurayh about a matter regarding the waiting period: A woman claimed that her waiting period had ended within a month. Within a month. And the waiting period of a woman is three menstrual cycles. This woman came after a month and said to Ali ibn Abi Talib: That her waiting period had ended. Glory be to Allah, a month, three menstrual cycles. He said: Yes. She said: Yes, the waiting period has ended. Shurayh said to Ali: Judge in her case. Ali said to Shurayh: Judge in her case. He said: If she brings evidence from her inner circle, from those whose religion is expected to be good or whose religion is known, then it is accepted. Ali said to him: Qalun. Qalun. Qalun. He knows her. Guidance from Allah. What does it mean?
The student: Qalun is foreign, but it is not a proper noun. It is a proper noun.
The Shaykh : But what does Qalun mean?
The student: Qalun.
The Shaykh : It seems he does not know. Qalun. The scholars said: It means good in the Roman language. Good in the Roman language. Now, Ali said Qalun. Is this declined or not declined? Declined. Why? Because it is not a proper noun. It is not a proper noun. And we condition for a human being that it must be a proper noun. If it is not a proper noun, it is declined.
Now, we have learned that foreignness does not occur except in proper nouns, correct? Meaning it does not prevent declension except if it is a proper noun. So it has two causes: being a proper noun and foreignness. Being a description and foreignness. The nominal foreignness and the descriptive foreignness. Foreignness does not have an effect. It must be a proper noun. The description, like his saying: "By knowing." Meaning it is a cause dependent on another. It is not an independent cause. The description is not an independent cause, but it is dependent on another. We will return now to this verse in order to explain it, as they say.
"Gather" What is it? The form of the extreme of plurals. And one cause is sufficient in it. One cause is sufficient, and that is the form of the extreme of plurals. "Weigh" The weight of justice. The weight of the verb. The weight of the verb has two causes. Two causes. The weight of the verb with the description or being a proper noun. Look, now we have a description and being a proper noun. Adil is a description. What else? And being a proper noun with Adil. Adil is a description and being a proper noun with Adil. "Feminize" It has the extended alif of femininity and the shortened alif of femininity. One cause is sufficient in it. One cause only. The extended alif of femininity and the shortened alif of femininity are sufficient with one cause. So the one in which one cause is sufficient, who is it? The form of the extreme of plurals. The extended alif of femininity. The shortened alif of femininity. Now, the one in which two causes are present and one of the two causes is combined. The proper noun and the description are combined. The weight of the verb and justice. Now, femininity. We said femininity is an extended alif or a shortened alif, or verbal or conceptual femininity. It must have being a proper noun and femininity. Verbal and conceptual femininity must have being a proper noun and femininity. And what do we add to it? So far, its counterpart has not come. "Compound" The mixed compound. We know what this is... Compound. What? The mixed compound has two causes. Compounding and being a proper noun. Does it have a description or not?
The student: No, it does not.
The Shaykh : It is attached to what?
The student: It is attached to femininity.
The Shaykh : By grammatical or semantic femininity. Now, regarding the addition of the alif and nun, what is the reason? It is for being a proper noun and for the addition of the alif and nun. It is a foreign proper noun, and it is a foreign word.