The Discussion on Exception
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The Shaykh : In the name of Allah, the Most Gracious, the Most Merciful.
Praise be to Allah, Lord of the worlds, and may peace and blessings be upon our Prophet Muhammad, and upon his family and his Companions, and upon those who follow them with excellence until the Day of Judgment.
What is exception (istithna') in language and in technical terminology? Yes?
The student: The waw: subject, and qalil: subject.
The Shaykh : How is it a subject when you said the waw is the subject? In "fa'aluha," were you not present yesterday?
The student: No, I was not present.
The Shaykh : Yes, indeed, it is a problem. Yes?
The student: Gairahu: a raised substitute (badal) marked by the dammah.
The Shaykh : A substitute for whom?
The student: A substitute for "fa'aluha."
The Shaykh : Meaning a substitute for the subject?
The student: Yes.
The Shaykh : And a raised substitute?
The student: Marfu'.
The Shaykh : Good, continue.
The student: Minhum
The Shaykh : No, it is raised, and what is its sign of being raised?
The student: The visible dammah on its end.
The Shaykh : Perfect, good. The second case, when it is a complete negation?
The student: The accusative case.
The Shaykh : The second case is the accusative. Give an example?
The student: Ma qama al-qawmu illa Zaydan.
The Shaykh : "Ma qama al-qawmu illa Zaydan," parse it?
The student: Ma: a negator, qama: a past tense verb built on fathah, al-qawm: a subject raised by the visible dammah on its end.
The Shaykh : Yes.
The student: Illa: a particle of exception with an attached genitive.
The Shaykh : No, there is no genitive attachment, because the particles that are said to be operative (amilah) are operative; illa: a particle of exception.
The student: Illa: a particle of exception.
The Shaykh : Yes.
The student: Zaydan is an excepted term in the accusative, and its sign of accusative is the fathah.
The Shaykh : As an exception.
The student: In the exception, and its sign of accusative is the visible fathah on its end.
The Shaykh : Well done, good. Yes, we need another example where what comes after illa is a substitute (badal) and it is in the genitive case.
The student: Ma nazartu ila al-talibin illa Khalidin.
The Shaykh : "Ma nazartu ila al-talibin illa"?
The student: Khalidin.
The Shaykh : Khalidin? And what do you say about the example?
The student: Correct.
The Shaykh : Correct?
The student: Correct.
The Shaykh : Yes, I do.
The student: An error.
The Shaykh : Why?
The student: Khalidin?
The Shaykh : Yes.
The student: A nominative subject (mubtada').
The Shaykh : No, I understand, parse it.
The student: Ma: a negator, nazartu: a verb and a subject, nazara: a past tense verb built on sukun because it is connected to the moving pronoun of the nominative, and the taa: a pronoun built on damm in the position of the nominative.
The Shaykh : A pronoun of what?
The student: A connected pronoun.
The Shaykh : Yes.
The student: Built on damm in the position of the nominative subject, ila: a preposition built on sukun with no position in the parsing, al-talibin: a noun in the genitive case by ila, and its sign of genitive is the visible kasrah on its end, illa: a particle of exception, Khalid: a substitute for al-talibin in the genitive case, and its sign of genitive is the visible kasrah on its end.
The Shaykh : Good, is illa: a particle of exception that is cancelled (mughayyah) or operative (amilah)?
The student: Annulled.
The Shaykh : So it is cancelled. Good. Khalid: a substitute for al-qawm and a genitive substitute in the genitive case.
The student: From al-talibin.
The Shaykh : From al-talibin, yes. If someone said: "Ma nazartu ila al-talibin illa Khalidun"?
The student: An error.
The Shaykh : Incorrect. Good, he said "illa Zaydan"?
The student: Correct.
The Shaykh : Correct? Your brother did not answer, did he?
The student: Correct.
The Shaykh : Muhammad, do you agree?
The student: Yes, indeed.
The Shaykh : Yes, correct. Good. The third section or the third case: the author says, I think we pointed out the language of the Hijazis, right?
The student: Yes.
The Shaykh : In the complete non-affirmative, and we said: the language of the Hijazis, when the exception is disconnected, what is it?
The student: Accusative.
Another student: The accusative is obligatory.
The Shaykh : The obligation of the accusative. Ibn Malik said: "And make accusative what is disconnected *** And from Tamim, a substitution occurred in it".
Praise be to Allah, Lord of the worlds, and may peace and blessings be upon our Prophet Muhammad, and upon his family and his Companions, and upon those who follow them with excellence until the Day of Judgment.
What is exception (istithna') in language and in technical terminology? Yes?
The student: The waw: subject, and qalil: subject.
The Shaykh : How is it a subject when you said the waw is the subject? In "fa'aluha," were you not present yesterday?
The student: No, I was not present.
The Shaykh : Yes, indeed, it is a problem. Yes?
The student: Gairahu: a raised substitute (badal) marked by the dammah.
The Shaykh : A substitute for whom?
The student: A substitute for "fa'aluha."
The Shaykh : Meaning a substitute for the subject?
The student: Yes.
The Shaykh : And a raised substitute?
The student: Marfu'.
The Shaykh : Good, continue.
The student: Minhum
The Shaykh : No, it is raised, and what is its sign of being raised?
The student: The visible dammah on its end.
The Shaykh : Perfect, good. The second case, when it is a complete negation?
The student: The accusative case.
The Shaykh : The second case is the accusative. Give an example?
The student: Ma qama al-qawmu illa Zaydan.
The Shaykh : "Ma qama al-qawmu illa Zaydan," parse it?
The student: Ma: a negator, qama: a past tense verb built on fathah, al-qawm: a subject raised by the visible dammah on its end.
The Shaykh : Yes.
The student: Illa: a particle of exception with an attached genitive.
The Shaykh : No, there is no genitive attachment, because the particles that are said to be operative (amilah) are operative; illa: a particle of exception.
The student: Illa: a particle of exception.
The Shaykh : Yes.
The student: Zaydan is an excepted term in the accusative, and its sign of accusative is the fathah.
The Shaykh : As an exception.
The student: In the exception, and its sign of accusative is the visible fathah on its end.
The Shaykh : Well done, good. Yes, we need another example where what comes after illa is a substitute (badal) and it is in the genitive case.
The student: Ma nazartu ila al-talibin illa Khalidin.
The Shaykh : "Ma nazartu ila al-talibin illa"?
The student: Khalidin.
The Shaykh : Khalidin? And what do you say about the example?
The student: Correct.
The Shaykh : Correct?
The student: Correct.
The Shaykh : Yes, I do.
The student: An error.
The Shaykh : Why?
The student: Khalidin?
The Shaykh : Yes.
The student: A nominative subject (mubtada').
The Shaykh : No, I understand, parse it.
The student: Ma: a negator, nazartu: a verb and a subject, nazara: a past tense verb built on sukun because it is connected to the moving pronoun of the nominative, and the taa: a pronoun built on damm in the position of the nominative.
The Shaykh : A pronoun of what?
The student: A connected pronoun.
The Shaykh : Yes.
The student: Built on damm in the position of the nominative subject, ila: a preposition built on sukun with no position in the parsing, al-talibin: a noun in the genitive case by ila, and its sign of genitive is the visible kasrah on its end, illa: a particle of exception, Khalid: a substitute for al-talibin in the genitive case, and its sign of genitive is the visible kasrah on its end.
The Shaykh : Good, is illa: a particle of exception that is cancelled (mughayyah) or operative (amilah)?
The student: Annulled.
The Shaykh : So it is cancelled. Good. Khalid: a substitute for al-qawm and a genitive substitute in the genitive case.
The student: From al-talibin.
The Shaykh : From al-talibin, yes. If someone said: "Ma nazartu ila al-talibin illa Khalidun"?
The student: An error.
The Shaykh : Incorrect. Good, he said "illa Zaydan"?
The student: Correct.
The Shaykh : Correct? Your brother did not answer, did he?
The student: Correct.
The Shaykh : Muhammad, do you agree?
The student: Yes, indeed.
The Shaykh : Yes, correct. Good. The third section or the third case: the author says, I think we pointed out the language of the Hijazis, right?
The student: Yes.
The Shaykh : In the complete non-affirmative, and we said: the language of the Hijazis, when the exception is disconnected, what is it?
The student: Accusative.
Another student: The accusative is obligatory.
The Shaykh : The obligation of the accusative. Ibn Malik said: "And make accusative what is disconnected *** And from Tamim, a substitution occurred in it".